Physiology- Scholarly Publications

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Browsing Physiology- Scholarly Publications by Author "Adegoke, OA"

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    Open Access
    Anti-fertility effect of calcium channel blockers on male rats: association with oxidative stress.
    (2011) Morakinyo, AO; Iranloye, BO; Daramola, AO; Adegoke, OA
    Purpose: Calcium ions are vital in many biologic processes including a variety of enzymatic reactions, activation of excitable cells, coupling of electrical activation to cellular secretion, haemostasis, bone metabolism and sperm functions. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) appear to have a reversible anti-fertility effect on male rats which does not occur through inhibition of the pituitary-gonadal axis. While the effects of CCB on male reproductive function have been investigated, less information is available regarding other reproductive indices and the underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of male reproductive dysfunction. Therefore, the involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the adverse manifestation induced by CCB on male reproductive functions is investigated in this study. Methods: For this purpose, lipid peroxidation; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reduced; epididymal sperm count, motility; histopathology of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate glands; and reproductive performance were determined. Results: CCB administration in rats causes significant oxidative stress in the male reproductive milieu in term of increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and a concomitant decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione enzyme activities in the testes. In addition, CCB treatment significantly decreased the sperm count, sperm motility, fertility index, implantation count, and litter size in this study. Conclusion: There is substantial evidence that CCB induces significant oxidative stress in the testes, which appears to be responsible for the adverse effects of decreased sperm count and motility ultimately leading to reduced fertility in rats.
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    Open Access
    Antireproductive effects of calcium channel blockers on male rats
    (2009) Morakinyo, AO; Iranloye, BO; Adegoke, OA
    Drugs have been shown to adversely affect male fertility and recently anti-hypertensive drugs were added to the list. The anti-fertility effects of nifedipine and similar calcium channel blockers are well-illustrated in in vitro experiments but not in vivo. The present study was designed to experimentally elucidate the sub-chronic effect of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on sperm functions and reproductive hormone levels in vivo. Male rats (150–200 g) were divided into four groups of ten rats each. Group 1 (control) received distilled water; Group 2 received nifedipine 0.57 mg/kg BW; Group 3 were given verapamil 3.40 mg/kg BW and Group 4 were given diltiazem 2.57 mg/kg BW. Each drug-treated group had its own recovery group from which treatment was discontinued for 30 days before the animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for hormonal assay of FSH, LH and testosterone. Semen evaluation was done and the testes, seminal vesicle, epididymis and prostate were removed, and weighed immediately. Results Nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem significantly decreased (P\0.05) sperm count and motility in drug treated groups. The weight of the epididymis was significantly reduced (P\0.05) in the drug treated rats. Semen parameters and other associated changes were restored after 30 days of drug withdrawal.
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    Open Access
    Calcium antagonists modulate oxidative stress and acrosomal reaction in rat spermatozoa
    (2011) Morakinyo, AO; Iranloye, BO; Adegoke, OA
    Introduction: Calcium ions are vital in many biological processes and qualify as an almost ubiquitous intracellular second messenger. This indicates the multiplicity of the effects associated with drug actions aimed at interfering with calcium ions. To examine the cellular process involved in the induction of infertility in males by calcium antagonist (CA) even in the presence of normal semen parameters, we studied the effects of different CA namely; nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on oxidative balance and acrosome reaction in the sperm. Material and methods: For this purpose, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, and acrosomal reaction were determined in sperm samples of rats. Results: Calcium antagonist causes significant oxidative stress in the epididymal sperm with increased malondialdehyde level and a concomitant decrease in antioxidant activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The percentage value of acrosomal-reacted sperm in the nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazemtreated rats were 41 ±2.45, 39 ±2.92 and 42 ±1.22 respectively, compared with the control group value of 86 ±2.92. Conclusions: It appears CA oxidatively modify the sperm resulting in functional inhibition of acrosomal reaction. Suppression of the sperm acrosomal reaction is known to have serious adverse implications for fertilization.
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    Open Access
    Coffee consumption attenuates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in rats fed on high-sucrose diet.
    (2013) Morakinyo, AO; Adekunbi, DA; Dada, KA; Adegoke, OA
    Several epidemiological evidences indicate that consumption of coffee is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) however; there is dearth of experimental data to support these observations. Given that associations do not necessarily infer causality, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of coffee consumption on glucose regulation, T2DM and the probable mechanisms of action, using an animal model. The effect of coffee (2-fold dilution) by oral gavage on normal and high sucrose-solution (HSS) fed (30 % w/v) rats was evaluated. The results showed that consumption of coffee significantly increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (p<0.05) along with significant improvement in SOD and GSH activities. In addition, lipid indices such as TG and LDL as well as the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) were markedly reduced (p<0.05) in rats fed with coffee compared with that of the HSS fed rats. These findings suggest that coffee consumption improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance in HSS-fed rat possibly via inhibition of oxidative stress.
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    Open Access
    Dietary Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Consumption: A Comparison of Metabolic Effect in High-Fat Fed Rats.
    (2015) Morakinyo, AO; Adekunbi, DA; Ajibola, WR; Adegoke, OA
    A growing number of studies have reported beneficial health effects of cocoa and turmeric, including atherosclerosis, hypertension and insulin resistance. Relatively few studies have investigated the preventive or therapeutic effects of cocoa and turmeric against obesity-related metabolic disorders and co-pathologies. The study was undertaken to determine the effects of cocoa and turmeric powder supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four (24) male Sprague-Dawley rats were initially divided into two groups of six and eighteen rats; the group of 18 rats was fed with HFD while the other group of 6 rats consumed the control diet. After seven weeks on the dietary regimen, 12 rats from the HFD group were shifted to either cocoa-supplemented (50 mg/kg diet) or turmeric-supplemented (100 mg/kg diet) with six rats in each group, while the remaining rats continued on the HFD for another 7 weeks. Throughout the study, food intake and body weights were measured and recorded. Thereafter, OGTT and ITT were performed; fat pads were excised and weighed immediately. Blood samples were also collected via the retro-orbital sinus to measure the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL. Data obtained from this study showed that dietary cocoa and turmeric supplementation reduces body weight gain, retroperitoneal and testicular fat accretion, improves lipid profile, ameliorates glucose intolerance and enhances insulin sensitivity in the HFD fed- obese rats. Dietary supplementation with cocoa and turmeric ameliorates obesity-related hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in HFD fed obese rats. Notably, both nutriceuticals were capable of improving glucose tolerance by increasing insulin sensitivity.
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    Open Access
    Effect of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on sodium arsenite-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 13(1): 39-45
    (2010) Morakinyo, AO; Achema, PU; Adegoke, OA
    Arsenite is a major environmental chemical and a known reproductive toxicant via the depression of spermatogenesis and androgenesis in males. The possibility of sodium arsenite reproductive toxicity been caused by autooxidation was investigated in this study taking advantage of the anti-oxidant properties of ginger and its androgenic activities. The effect of exposure to sodium arsenite (10 mg/kg BW/day) by gavage via oral cannula without or with aqueous ginger extract (500mg/kg BW/day) co-treatments for 30 days was evaluated in adult male rats. The weight of the reproductive organs, sperm count, motility, and morphology were evaluated. Plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels were assayed. Lipid peroxidation (indexed by MDA) and antioxidants enzymes likes GSH, SOD, CAT were assessed. Sodium arsenite treatment decreased the reproductive organs weight: testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle; sperm functions: count, motility and normal morphology; plasma hormones level: FSH, LH and testosterone. There was a decrease in the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT as well as an increase in MDA concentration. Co-administration of aqueous ginger extract with arsenite was found to protect against adverse change in the reproductive organ weight, attenuate the decrease in sperm functions, enhance plasma reproductive hormones level along with increased antioxidants activities and reduced peroxidation. This study showed that sodium arsenite apart from being a hormonal disrupter also causes oxidative stress which contributed to the reproductive damage in the male rats. The protective effects of ginger on reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress as evidenced by the clear restoration of sperm functions, testicular steroidogenesis and reproductive organo-somatic indices could be attributed to its antioxidants and androgenic properties.
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    Open Access
    Effects of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on testicular functions in the rat
    (2008) Morakinyo, AO; Oloyo, AK; Raji, Y; Adegoke, OA
    This study was carried out to investigate the impact of oral administration of chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed (CPE) on implantation and pregnancy in female albino rats. The study was divided into three experimental sections. Each section was subdivided into 4 groups treated, respectively with 25, 50 and 100 mg kg 1 b.w CPE and 2.5% tween 80 in normal saline (vehicle for CPE; control). Rats in section 1 were treated with CPE for two weeks before mating (pre-coital). Rats in section 2 were administered CPE from day 1 of pregnancy till term (post coital) while rats in section 3 received the extract for two weeks before mating and thereafter throughout term (pre and post-coital). Implantation sites and resorptions were determined in some of the pregnant rats after laparotomy. The gestation period, litter size and fetal weight were recorded in the remaining rats. The litters were also observed for any morphological alterations. The extract treated rats had significant decreases in litter size and implantation count (p<0.01). The percentage resorptions increased in a dose dependent manner while the fetal weight and morphology remain unchanged when compared with the normal untreated control groups. The percentage resorptions were high in CPE treated rats when compared with the control group. None of the 100 mg kg 1 b.w CPE treated female rats had litters. The results suggest that the chloroform extract of Carica papaya seed has anti-implantation and abortifacient properties in female albino rats.
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    Open Access
    Insulin receptor and glucose transporter-4 expression in the skeletal muscle of chronically stressed rats
    (2016) Morakinyo, AO; Iranloye, BO; Samuel, TA; Mofolorunso, AM; Adegoke, OA
    Background: Stress defined as a disruption in the normal homeostatic functions of an organism caused by stressor (a physiological or psychological challenge) is an unavoidable normal component of life. Previous studies suggest that stress hormones have acute adverse effects on glycaemic control. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of chronic psychological and physical stress on the expression of insulin receptor and GLUT4 transporters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Male rats (12 weeks old) were randomly distributed into 3 groups: control, water avoidance stress (WAS), forced swimming stress (FSS). The stress procedures were performed between 9:00 and 11:00 am to minimize the effect of circadian rhythm and lasted for 28 consecutive days. Levels of insulin and corticosterone in the blood were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Glucose metabolism was assessed by glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), and expression of insulin receptor (INSR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle. Results: The FSS rats had decreased food intake as well as final body weight and without adverse changes in GTT, stress worsened insulin sensitivity in FSS rats and increased insulin in the blood. Stress also increased corticosterone, decreased INSR and GLUT4 in the skeletal muscle of both groups. Conclusion: Chronic stress evokes insulin insensitivity and impairs glucose metabolism through the down-regulation of INSR and GLUT4 in skeletal muscles.
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    Open Access
    Mineral composition of commonly consumed local foods in Nigeria.
    (2016) Morakinyo, AO; Samuel, TA; Adegoke, OA
    Appropriate levels of mineral nutrients are required to maintain optimal health as acute imbalances of these minerals can be potentially fatal. Therefore, dietary intake of micronutrients is of public health importance due to the consequences of the deficiency. This study analysed the selected minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, P, Cl and Mn) in the representative samples of 25 commonly consumed Nigerian dishes using appropriate procedures. New data generated on these local dishes demonstrates the inadequacy of some mineral elements in selected Nigerian local dishes relative to the recommended daily allowance. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron contents expressed as mg/100 g dry weight ranged from 5.0±0.20 to 17.4±0.42, 4.6±0.3 to11.2±0.5, 2.4±0.3 to 10.0±0.2, 7.08±0.03 to 19.78±0.14 and 6.32±0.25 to 24.01±0.87 respectively. The zinc, copper, phosphorous, chlorine and manganese contents were between 2.19±0.09 to 8.31±0.17, 0.63±0.03 to 3.45±0.14, 0.76±0.08 to 4.27±0.15, 54.8±3.35 to 2301±46.97 and 2.24±0.05 to 7.19±0.43 respectively. The physiologic roles of mineral nutrients are as varied as their composition and the deficiency of these micronutrients in Nigerian dishes and their possible health effects were highlighted in this study. These data will serve as an important tool in future national and international food consumption surveys to target provision of dietary advice, inform health workers, dieticians, clinicians and researchers among others.
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    Open Access
    Pregnancy and foetal outcomes following metformin use in diabetic rats. African Scientist 18: 1-5
    (2017) Ojulari, LS; Morakinyo, AO; Amali, MO; Adegoke, OA
    The female reproductive system is responsible for pregnancy and supports development of the fetus. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly worldwide (Wild et al., 2000). Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug and it seems to have properties that could be beneficial in managing reproductive complications of DM. The present study determined the effect of metformin on pregnancy and fetal outcomes in Alloxan-induced diabetic female Sprague-Dawley rats. Eighty (80) pregnant rats were divided into four groups (20 rats per group). Implantation and pregnancy were first ascertained, and fetal outcome was observed and recorded. The measurement of plasma levels of βhCG, estradiol, progesterone, corticosterone and C-reactive peptide (CRP); were carried out on days 7, 14, 19 and at term. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman Keuls post hoc test with statistical significance taken at p<0.05. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma level of progesterone and estradiol with a significant reduction in CRP levels in the treated groups. The number of fetuses and average litter size was also significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the untreated diabetic rats. No physical abnormalities were observed in litters from all the experimental groups. In conclusion, metformin administration during pregnancy confers maternal and fetal protective effects.
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    Open Access
    Protective effects of alpha lipoic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver and kidney damage in rats.
    (2012) Morakinyo, AO; Oludare, GO; Anifowose, AA; Adegoke, OA
    Abstract: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a well known toxicant and exposure to this chemical is known to induce oxidative stress by the formation of free radicals. The present study investigates the in vivo effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on CCl4-induced hepatic and renal toxicities. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of 6 animals each and treated for 10 consecutive days. Group 1 was given olive oil only. Group 2 received CCl4 intra-peritoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg as a 30% olive oil solution. Group 3 was given ALA only at a dose 25 mg/kg. Group 4 was given both CCl4 and ALA, respectively. At the end of experiment, the antioxidant status in both the liver and kidney tissues were estimated by determining the activities of antioxidant enzymes; reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase as well as the level of lipid peroxidation via thiobarbituric reactive substance. The liver and kidney functions tests were also performed in addition to their histopathological evaluation. Results obtained showed significant adverse changes in the levels of all measured parameters in CCl4 treated rats. However, treatment with ALA attenuated the adverse changes in the CCl4-induced rats. Our findings suggest that ALA protects the liver and kidney against CCl4-induced damage through its significant effects on the antioxidant activities.
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    Open Access
    Role of amygdala kisspeptin in pubertal timing in female rats
    (2017) Adekunbi, DA; Li, XF; Li, S; Adegoke, OA; Iranloye, BO; Morakinyo, AO; Lightman, SL; Taylor, PD; Poston, L; O'Bryne, KT
    To investigate the mechanism by which maternal obesity disrupts reproductive function in offspring, we examined Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei, and posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) of pre-pubertal and young adult offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a standard or energydense diet for six weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring were weaned onto normal diet on postnatal day (pnd) 21. Brains were collected on pnd 30 or 100 for qRT-PCR to determine Kiss1 mRNA levels. Maternal obesity increased Kiss1 mRNA expression in the MePD of pre-pubertal male and female offspring, whereas Kiss1 expression was not affected in the ARC or AVPV at this age. Maternal obesity reduced Kiss1 expression in all three brain regions of 3 month old female offspring, but only in MePD of males. The role of MePD kisspeptin on puberty, estrous cyclicity and preovulatory LH surges was assessed directly in a separate group of post-weanling and young adult female rats exposed to a normal diet throughout their life course. Bilateral intra-MePD cannulae connected to osmotic mini-pumps for delivery of kisspeptin receptor antagonist (Peptide 234 for 14 days) were chronically implanted on pnd 21 or 100. Antagonism of MePD kisspeptin delayed puberty onset, disrupted estrous cyclicity and reduced the incidence of LH surges. These data show that the MePD plays a key role in pubertal timing and ovulation and that maternal obesity may act via amygdala kisspeptin signaling to influence reproductive function in the offspring.