Department Of Zoology
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The Department offers courses which will enable the Zoology student acquire a considerable knowledge of the animal kingdom such as classification, anatomy, physiology, evolution, phylogenetic relationship and adaptations to environment of the major animal group from protozoa to mammals. The foci of the programme are General Zoology, Applied Entomology, Parasitology, Ecotoxicology and Conservation.
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- ItemOpen Access3. Osuala, Fidelia I., Abiodun, Olushola A., OyelBiodiversity of Fauna and Heavy Metals Assessment in Selected Areas of the University of Lagos Akoka Campus, Lagos, Nigeria(2020) Osuala F.I.; Abiodun O.A.; Humphrey O.F.; Bisola G.The biodiversity of terrestrial fauna and assessment of some heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in soil samples were investigated in selected areas of the University of Lagos Akoka campus. Unicam - 929 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for heavy metals analysis and biodiversity index was calculated with Margalef, Shanon-Weiner and Simpson index. On the basis of the Shanon-Weiner index, Zoological garden had the highest species richness (2.75) while High-Rise (1.71) had the lowest species diversity. On the basis of the Simpson index (1-D), Faculty of Science had the highest species diversity (0.95) while High-Rise had the lowest diversity (0.75). Formicidae (21.60%), Gecarcinidae (13.77%) and Libellulidae (13.51%) were the families with the highest relative abundance in University of Lagos while Cercopithecidae (0.26%), Elapidae (0.34%) and Gryllidae (0.34%) were the families with least relative abundance. The result of the soil texture (particle size) of the various sampled zones indicated that sand is the dominant component with a mix of loam. Heavy metal mean concentrations of the soil samples from the University of Lagos indicated the presence of Pb (0.17 - 29.67 mg/kg), Ni (0.59 - 6.63 mg/kg), Mn (72.72 - 398.63 mg/kg), Cr (0.01 - 16.23 mg/kg), Cd (0.20 - 0.87 mg/kg) and Co (0.17 – 6.52 mg/kg). All heavy metals detected were below Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and European Union (EU) permissible limit for heavy metals in soils except Mn. Though, Mn is biologically important with low toxicity, there is need for consistent monitoring of the heavy metals so as not to pose a threat to the biodiversity of the study area.
- ItemOpen AccessAcute and Sublethal toxicities of selected trace elements on the haematological profile of Clarias gariepinus(Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2020) Bawa-Allah, K.A; Awosanya, S.O; Saliu, J.K
- ItemOpen AccessAcute toxicity and genotoxicity of sublethal concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium tripolyphosphate against Clarias gariepinus (The African Sharptooth Catfish)(Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2020-06) Ogugba-Udume, F.C.; Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Saliu, J.K.Personal care products (PCPs) are emerging pollutants which have been detected in aquatic environments and are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. The acute toxicity of two (2) PCPs - sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) to fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (the African Sharptooth Catfish) was evaluated over a period of 96 h. Furthermore, genotoxic (erythrocytic micronuclei frequencies) evaluations were conducted in juveniles of C. gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of the test chemicals over a period of 28 days. The median lethal concentration of SLS and STPP to C. gariepinus was 14.75 mg/L and 861 mg/L respectively with SLS being x59 more toxic than STPP to C. gariepinus. Micronuclei frequencies in SLS-exposed fishes were significantly higher (p<0.05) at day 14 (3.44±1.08 ‰) and day 28 (5.78±1.18 ‰) compared to the control (day 14- 0.78±0.22 ‰; day 28- 1.56±0.29 ‰). However, in STPP-exposed fishes, micronuclei frequencies were significantly higher (p<0.05) at day 28 (4.11±0.89 ‰) only compared to the control. The study showed that non-target aquatic animals such as C. gariepinus might be at risk from exposure to these chemicals in surface waters from diffuse sources with SLS posing a higher risk than STPP. Targeted environmental management and advocacies are recommended to promote sustainability of life below water (United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14).
- ItemOpen AccessAdvancing interdisciplinary knowledge for ocean sustainability(Springer Nature, 2023-11-02) Santos, C.F; Agardy, T; Aheto, D; Allison, E.H.; Bennett, N.J.; Blythe, J.L.; Calado, H; Day, J.C.; Crowder, L.B.; de Vos, A; Flannery, W; Galparsoro, I; Gissi, E; Gjerde, K.M; Gobin, J.F; Green, S; Isaacs, M; Karauaihe, S.T; Lombard, A.T; Lopes, P.F.M; Ojea, E>; Orbach, M.; Pecl, G.; Reid, A.; Scherer, M.; Shelton, A.J; Sogbanmu, T.O; Villasante, S; Wedding, L; Sumaila, U. RTexts attached
- ItemOpen AccessAdverse Impact of Human Activities on Aquatic Ecosystems: Investigating the Environmental Sustainability Perception of Stakeholders in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2021-02) Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Ogunkoya, O.A.; Olaniran, E.I.; Lasisi, A.K.; Seiler, T.-B.Environmental risk perception of stakeholders for various human activities is germane to the sustainable development of a society. In urban Africa, rising population rates pose environmental challenges for the management of aquatic resources. Examples of two metropolitan cities in urban Africa are Lagos and Ogun states, Nigeria, with their teeming populations. The proximity of the Lagos lagoon and Ogun River to human settlements predisposes their use as sinks for disposal of wastewaters from potentially polluting activities such as sawmills and livestock processing (abattoirs). This chapter evaluates the environmental risk perception of specific stakeholders in the states whose activities result in potential adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems and associated ecosystem services. Copies of a structured questionnaire were administered to stakeholders at selected anthropogenic sites, i.e. Okobaba Sawmills and Kara Cow Market, in Lagos and Ogun states respectively. At the Okobaba sawmills adjoining the Lagos lagoon, respondents stated that sawdust is the major (84%) waste generated, most (90%) of which is burnt. Over half (51–90%) of the respondents noted that air quality, water quality and aquatic animals are adversely impacted by the sawmill activities. At Kara Cow Market, which adjoins Ogun River, respondents reported that they utilise the river for domestic activities, such as source of drinking water and for washing of cows. Most respondents (70–82%) acknowledged that the river is polluted, wastes are deliberately disposed into the river and wastewater from the abattoir is never treated. It is suggested that stakeholder environmental education, advocacy, risk communication, as well as demand for, and implementation of, evidence-based policies for the management of these ecosystems are crucial steps to be taken in addressing the situation. Further, the planning of human settlements near aquatic ecosystems should be considered alongside the sustainability of aquatic resources and ecosystem services in urban Africa, given the need to support life below water (UN SDG 14).
- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of bacterial composition in slaughterhouse effluent from a major livestock market in Nigeria(University of Tripoli, 2023-06-03) Buraimoh, O.M; Odumosu, B.T; Sogbanmu, T.O; Ojo-Omoniyi, O.A; Afolabi, O; Akerele, OEffluent discharges are point sources of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Effluents from slaughterhouses which are often discharged untreated into the receiving ecosystem with potential adverse impacts on the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community profile of slaughterhouse effluent from a major livestock market in Ogun state, South-West Nigeria. The community DNA was extracted and subsequently sequenced using the illumina platform. The top (5) bacterial phyla accounting for over 94.6% of the sequences in the effluent was dominated by Firmicutes (67%) and the least was Euryarchaeota (3.2%). The top five (5) classes were Clostridia (62.11%), Bacteroidia (15.93%), Bacilli (3.97%), Actinobacteria (3.05%) and Methanobacteria (2.95%). The most abundant orders were Clostridiales (62.10%) Bacteroidales (15.90%), Lactobacillales (3.00%), Actinomyctes (2.70%) and Burkholderiales (1.50%). 52 genera were identified (29.60%) while unclassified genera were 65.90%. The results reveal the bacterial community profile of the effluent constituting genera of pathogenic, biotechnological, environmental, veterinary, and public health importance such as Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Desulfovibrio, Rhodobacter, among others. The results are of importance for holistic ecological and human health risk assessments as well as targeted interventions and proper treatment of the effluent before discharge. This will support good health and wellbeing, promote clean water and sanitation, as well as sustain life below water; relevant to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6 and 14 respectively.
- ItemRestrictedAntibiotics, algal evaluations and subacute effects of abattoir wastewater on liver function enzymes, genetic and haematologic biomarkers in the freshwater fish, Clarias gariepinus(Elsevier Inc., 2021-01-30) Oyeniran, D.O.; Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Adesalu, T.A.Abattoirs are positioned close to freshwaters in most developing countries where untreated wastewaters are discharged into with potential risk to aquatic life such as fish and ultimately human health. We assessed physicochemical parameters, antibiotics (oxytetracycline and diclofenac) and algal load of effluent collected from a major abattoir in Nigeria. Furthermore, liver function enzymes, genotoxic and haemotoxic effects of subacute concentration (10% of 96 hLC50 value) of the wastewater were evaluated over a period of 28 d in Clarias gariepinus (The African Sharptooth Catfish). The 96 hLC50 value of the abattoir wastewater against C. gariepinus was 154.14 mL/L (15.4%). Nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, chloride, ammonia, TDS, TSS, BOD5 and heavy metals (Fe and Pb) in the wastewater were above permissible limits while diclofenac and oxytetracycline were below detection limit (BDL). Microalgae in the wastewater were mostly Bacilliariophyta (Navicula spp.) (45.64%) and euglenoids (Euglena and Phacus spp.) (49.48%). Liver function enzymes (LDH, AST, ALT) level were higher in exposed fishes except for ALP which was lower at day 28 compared to control levels. Erythrocytic genotoxic indices (nuclear abnormalities) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the exposed fishes particularly at day 28 compared to control. Haematologic indices level such as WBC, MCV MCH, MCHC increased significantly (p < 0.05) while lymphocytes, HGB, RBC, HCT levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the exposed C. gariepinus by day 28 compared to control. These results demonstrate potential adverse effects posed to aquatic fish species in the Ogun River by the discharge of the abattoir effluent. The microalgae species identified in the effluent may be explored for pre-treatment of the effluent before discharge in order to prevent eutrophication and increased pollutant load in the River. The study results will contribute to evidence-based environmental risk management of the River which is relevant to the UN SDGs 6 (clean water and sanitation), 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and 14 (sustaining life below water).
- ItemOpen AccessThe artificial substrate preference of invertebrates in Ogbe Creek, Lagos, Nigeria(Life Science Journal, 2006-05-09) Saliu, J.; Ovuorie, U.The colonisation patterns of the invertebrates of Ogbe Creek on four different types of artificial substrates (Kakaban, gravel bucket, glass and wood) was investigated within the period of September and November, 2002. A total number of 100,700/cm invertebrates comprising of 33 species were harvested. The gravel bucket supported the highest number of invertebrates, 46,740/cm comprising 17 species, while the glass substrate had the lowest number of invertebrate’s 2,100 /cm comprising 11 species (p < 0.05). The Kakaban substrate had the highest species richness (5.55) while the wood had the lowest (2.78). The four artificial substrates showed selectivity with respects to the organism that colonised them. The ability of the invertebrates to colonise artificial substrates was found to be influenced by the nature and permanence of the substrate.
- ItemOpen AccessAssessment of Public Health Risk Associated with Consumption of Dominant Edible Animal Species of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria(Ife Journal of Science, 2018-06) Bawa-Allah, K.; Saliu, J.; Otitoloju, A.Heavy metals bio-accumulated in edible aquatic animal species pre-dispose final consumers to adverse health effects of these toxins. Edible animal species were collected from the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria where elevated concentrations of heavy metals have been documented over the years. The concentrations of heavy metals in the animal species were determined and the potential health risk to three age groups of the population, associated with consumption of these species was assessed by calculating Daily Intake of Metals (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI). The levels of heavy metals recorded in the tissues of the animal species were below Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) recommended limits in food, except for Zn (47.60 ppm) in Tympanotonus fuscatus. FAO recommended limits for Zn in food is 30.00 ppm. The DIM and HRI for all heavy metals analyzed were < 1 (unity) in the three animal species and for all age groups indicating that utilization of the species as a protein source does not currently pose serious health risk to consumers. The relative safety associated with utilization of edible animal species from the Lagos lagoon as a protein source reported in this study can only be maintained if heavy metal concentrations in the lagoon are kept within acceptable limits by setting effective effluent limitation standards and enforcing the set standards.
- ItemOpen AccessAutumn phenology and morphometrics in the Garden Warbler Sylvia borin at the Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden(Ornis Fennica, 2012) Iwajomo, Soladoye Babatola; Hedenstrom, Anders; Ottosson, UlfTrapping and ringing near ecological barriers can provide useful information about the migration strategies of bird species. In this paper we analyzed ringing data of the Garden Warbler, collected within the period of 1950–2008 at the Ottenby Bird Observatory, south-eastern Sweden, and describe patterns in migration phenology, morphometrics and fuel load. A total of 4,351 individuals aged as either adults or juveniles were ringed during the period (yearly averages 7.3 adults and 83.1 juveniles) in addition to 1,514 birds of unknown age. Both age-specific and combined yearly totals did not significantly vary over the years.Median passage dates were 24 August, 30 August and 2 September for adults, juveniles and birds of unknown age, respectively.Median passage did not change significantly over the years. Among adults, larger individuals passed the observatory earlier than smaller individuals. The average fuel load was estimated at 24.3% of Lean Body Mass (LBM), and late-migrating individuals had higher fuel deposits than early migrants. Maximum fuel load was estimated at 82.5% of LBM; such an individual may be capable of a direct flight from Ottenby region to the Mediterranean area.
- ItemOpen AccessBioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine residues across the food web in Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria(AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC SCIENCE, 2016) Akinsanya, B.; Alani, R.; Ukwa, U.; Saliu, J.Eighteen organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues were measured in the water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates and fish in various sections of the Lagos Lagoon in 2014 to investigate their bioaccumulation and distribution in the food web. The analysis was done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The concentrations of OCPs in water and sediment ranged from 0.00 to 2.24 μg kg−1 and 0.00 to 1 673.57 μg kg−1, respectively. The sediment had the highest deposition of OCPs, with a total concentration of 2 953.84 μg kg−1. Lindane and heptachlor epoxide had the highest mean concentrations in the sediment, 1 673.57 μg kg−1 and 1 122.74 μg kg−1, respectively, while other OCPs were also found in the biota. Bentho-pelagic fishes had the highest biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) in nine OCP residues, ranging from 1 to 32, and benthic invertebrates had the highest BSAF in three OCP residues, ranging from 1 to 91. The trend in total concentration of OCPs in the lagoon was sediment > Melicertus kerathurus > Eleotris soaresi > Pomadasys jubelini > Tilapia guineensis > Callinectes amnicola > plankton > water. The transfer of organochlorine residues in the food chain and its distribution in the trophic levels was influenced by habitat, environmental conditions, feeding habit and biochemical composition of individual populations. The total residual concentration of OCPs in shellfish and fish ranged between 0.16 ppm and 0.69 ppm. This concentration is quite high compared to the Federal Ministry of Environment limit of <0.01 ppm, and can be harmful if the trend is not checked. Continuous monitoring procedures need to be put in place for environmental safety.
- ItemOpen AccessBiomarkers of toxicity in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(African Journal of Aquatic Science, 2018-08) Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Osibona, Adesola O.; Oguntunde, Olubanji A.; Otitoloju, Adebayo A.Physiological, biochemical and histological indices in Clarias gariepinus broodstock, and teratogenic indices in embryos exposed to sublethal concentrations of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene were investigated in 2014 using a static-renewal bioassay protocol. Phenanthrene (1.41 mg l−1) was the most toxic, followed by pyrene (1.53 mg l−1) and naphthalene (7.21 mg l−1), based on 96 h LC50 values. Hepatosomatic indices were significantly higher in naphthalene- and pyrene-treated males compared with solvent controls, whereas fecundity in females was significantly lower by factors of 2.4 (naphthalene), 2.8 (phenanthrene) and 2.4 (pyrene), compared with controls. Catalase levels were lower in female phenanthrene-treated fish compared with controls. Histological alterations observed in PAH-treated fish include oedema, inflammatory cells, epithelial lifting and hyperplasia in the gills, vacuolation, haemosiderin pigments and sinusoidal congestion in the liver, and degenerated zona radiata in the ovary. Teratogenic effects were not observed, as evidenced by the lack of histological alterations in embryos spawned from pre-exposed broodstock. Sex-specific responses and the utility of biomarkers at cellular and individual levels of organisation are therefore demonstrated for holistic evaluations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ecotoxicological studies.
- ItemOpen AccessBiomonitoring of aquatic pollution: status and trends from genomics to populations(The Nigerian Academy of Science, 2020-12-31) Adeyemo, O.K.; Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Selim, A.A.; Denslow, N.D.Biomonitoring offers an appealing tool for the assessment of pollution in aquatic ecosystem. Biological processes, species, or communities of bioindicators are used to assess the quality of the environmentand how it changes over time. Bioindicators include algae, macrophytes, zooplanktons, insects, bivalves, molluscs, gastropods, fish, amphibians, and others. Changes in aquatic ecosystems are often attributed to anthropogenic disturbances, including pollution. Major contributors to aquatic pollution include wastewater, metals and metalloids, industrial effluents, contaminated sediments, nutrients, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, emerging contaminants (such as microplastics and engineered nanoparticles), pesticides, herbicides, and endocrine disruptors. In this review, we discuss categories of aquatic pollutants, status and trends of aquatic biomonitoring and approaches, from genomics to populations. We conclude by offering recommendations for research and regulatory testing.
- ItemOpen AccessBiomonitoring, physico-chemical, and biomarker evaluations of abattoir effluent discharges into the Ogun River from Kara Market, Ogun State, Nigeria, using Clarias gariepinus(Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019-01) Olaniran, Esther I.; Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Saliu, Joseph K.The discharge of untreated effluents into aquatic ecosystems poses potential adverse effects to aquatic organisms. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics of abattoir effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria, surface water and sediments from the Ogun River were evaluated. Fish species and macrobenthic fauna diversity in the river were also examined. Acute toxicity and biochemical and histological studies were investigated in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the effluent over a period of 28 days. Effluent physico-chemical parameters such as ammonia, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids were higher than set limits. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the effluent and sediment were 6.73 mg/L and 8.07 mg/kg, respectively. Tetracycline (an antibiotic administered to the cows at the market) levels in the effluent and surface water were 0.23 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively. Fish species diversity was lower at the test site compared to the reference site. Chironomus spp. and Tubifex tubifex dominated the benthic assemblage at the test site. There were significant changes (p < 0.05) in the biochemical indices but no histological alterations in exposed C. gariepinus after 28 days. The results demonstrate that the effluent poses potential risks to the aquatic organisms and ecosystem services provided by the river. We recommend that environmental regulatory agencies and stakeholders should establish effluent and solid wastes management systems at the market to prevent environmental and public health epidemics within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 14 (life below water).
- ItemOpen AccessBLOOD AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT PROTOZOA INFECTIONS OF DOMESTICATED CHICKEN SLAUGHTERED IN LAGOS CENTRAL, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.(UNILAG Journal of Medicine, Science and Technology (UJMST), 2019) Adeyemi O.O.; Idowu E.T.; Otubanjo O.A.; Ajayi M.B.This study investigated the prevalence and intensity of blood and intestinal protozoa infections of domestic chickens slaughtered at the Oyingbo live-bird market in Lagos State, Nigeria. Blood and intestinal samples were collected from a total of 100 birds from October through December, 2016. Thin and thick smears of blood were parasitologically screened. Mucosal scrapings and intestinal contents were examined microscopically in the laboratory for other parasitic infections using wet preparation and Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining techniques. Parasitaemia counts were estimated. Oocysts of eimeria spp. were recorded in the various sections of the alimentary canal. Plasmodium spp. were the only haemoprotozoa encountered in the study, with a prevalence of 16%. There was no statistically significant difference in malaria infection between sexes and breeds of chickens (p>0.05). of the birds sampled in the study, 22 (22%) were infected with eimeria spp., while 18 (18%) had cryptosporidium spp. infection. exotic breeds had a higher prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium spp. infection than the local breeds (p<0.05). There was however no statistically significant difference in the enteric protozoa infections between sexes of the chickens (p>0.05). Majority of the birds (72.2%) infected with Cryptosporidium spp. had unapparent infections when compared to those with severe and low-grade infections (p<0.05). Eimeria spp. was most prevalent in the jejunum (29.41%) and occurred least in the large intestine (8.82%). The occurrence of protozoan infections among poultry in this study suggests the need for control, so as to deliver safe and wholesome poultry products.
- ItemOpen AccessChronic levels of ibuprofen induce haematoxic and histopathology damage in the gills, liver and kidney of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus)(2021) Ogunwole G.A.; Saliu J.K.; Osuala F.I.Numerous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been detected in various environmental matrices. Thus, their potential to elicit their toxic effect on non-target organisms is a growing concern, especially in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of ibuprofen (IBU) at environmentally relevant concentration on the haematology and histology of the gill, liver, and kidney over 30 days. The 96-h acute toxicity data showed that IBU was moderately toxic to C. gariepinus with an LC50 value of 3.78 mg/L. After 15 and 30 days of exposure, there was a significant alteration in haematological indices in the treated fishes when compared to the control group. Throughout the experimental duration, the level of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were consistently lower significantly, in contrast to the control group. IBU induced histopathological deformities in the gills, liver, and kidney of the exposed fishes, with alterations such as showing severe secondary lamella necrosis (SLN), epithelial lifting (EL), mild deformity of the secondary lamella (DSL), mild secondary lamella necrosis (MLN), and mild vascular congestion in the liver and kidney, respectively. This study has demonstrated that IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations can significantly impact the haematology, gills, liver, and kidney of C. gariepinus. This study’s results can provide baseline info for regulatory agencies to set safe limits for NSAIDs as a safeguard for the aquatic environment.
- ItemOpen AccessComparative assessment of the acute and sub-acute effects of some plant based ichthyotoxins on aquatic organisms: a case study of Clarias gariepinus(2020) Ozoagudike, C.M; Bawa-Allah, K.A
- ItemOpen AccessComparative Studies of Genotoxicity and Anti-plasmodial Activities of Stem and Leaf Extracts of Alstonia boonei (De Wild) in Malaria-infected Mice.(2017-09) Babamale, O. A.; Iyiola, O. A.; Adeyemi, S. B.; Sulaiman, A. F.; Abdulkareem, A. O.; Anifowoshe, A. T.; Awe, O. D.; Ajani, D.; Ugbomoiko, U. S.Drug resistance in malaria infection is a serious public health challenge. Thus, scientific search for alternative treatment measures among the local medicinal plants is exigent. We therefore investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy and genotoxicity of the methanolic leaf and stem extracts of Alstonia plant at varying concentration (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed that leaf sample contained significantly higher secondary metabolites, except saponins (p<0.05). Anti-plasmodial activities of the two extracts were duration and dose- dependent. Stem bark extract showed higher curative potential with inhibition rate of 56.71% at 400 mg/kg whereas, leaf extract was efficient at 600mg/kg with 52.15% inhibition rate. Stem bark extract at 400 mg/kg improved the enzymatic activities of the mice; it lowered serum ALT (6.88±4.42) and increased liver ALT (41.07±5.56). Similarly, 400 mg/kg leaf extract showed highest AST (70.65±4.00) and ALT (44.65±7.83) activities in the kidney and liver respectively. Analysis of genotoxicity revealed that micronucleus and abnormal (binucleated, notched and blebbed) were prevalent among the experimental mice which increased significantly (p<0.05) at all concentrations except at 600mg/kg leaf extract. Therefore, this present study indicates that both leaf and stem bark extracts of A. boonei possess anti-plasmodial activity and are less genotoxic when compared with standard drug.
- ItemOpen AccessCONTAMINATION LEVELS OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN Tympanotonus fuscatus AND SEDIMENT OF LAGOS LAGOON, NIGERIA(2020) Osuala F.I.; Abiodun O.A.; Alebiosu E.A.The wide use and application of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is a menace to non-target aquatic biota. The study evaluated the levels of OCPs residues in Tympanotonus fuscatus and sediment within three (3) selected areas of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria using Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The mean concentration of OCP residues detected in T. fuscatus and sediments were Lindane, Diedrin, Aldrin, Endosulfan (isomers alpha and beta endosulfan), and DDT (isomers orthopara and para-para DDT). Generally, the total OCP concentration was higher in T. fuscatus than in sediments while stations 1 had the highest concentration of ∑ OCPs in both tissue and sediment samples followed by stations 2 and 3. Endosulfan concentration was the highest followed by Dieldrin > DDT > HCH > Lindane in decending order. In sediment, the mean concentration of Lindane ranged from Not Detected (ND) to 342.0 ng g-1 while HCH ranged from 262 - 818 ng g-1. Total Endosulfan ranged from 776 – 4849 ng g-1 while DDT ranged from 349 – 2211ng g-1. Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) values in descending order was as follows: Endosulfan > Beta _BHC > Endrin aldehyde with the highest BAF values recorded from Iddo (3). Additionally, concentrations of Dieldrin > Heptachlor > DDT were recorded in descending order at Unilag Lagoon front that exceeded the FEPA and USEPA Limit (BAF > 1); an indication that harmful effects are likely for aquatic species. Thus warrants proper and consistent monitoring of OCPs in the Lagos Lagoon.
- ItemOpen AccessCulture rainbow trout gill epithelium as an in vitro method for marine ecosystem toxicological studies(Heliyon, 2021) Bawa-Allah, K.A; Otitoloju, A.A; Hogstrand, CAccurate assessment of the toxic potential of waterborne chemicals is vital to pollution control and management in aquatic ecosystems. However, there is a global advocacy for the reduction, replacement, and refinement of the use of whole organisms in chemical screening studies. This has encouraged the development of alternative in vitro and computer-based techniques. In this study we investigated the possibility of optimising cultured rainbow trout gill epithelium to tolerate seawater and its use to assess toxicity of waterborne chemicals. Gill cells were obtained from rainbow trout acclimated to freshwater or to artificial seawater and were cultured in L-15 culture medium supplemented with or without cortisol. Intact gill epithelia were subjected to 20‰, 25‰ or 30‰ artificial seawater for 24 h and cell viability was assessed. The viability of gill cells obtained from freshwater or artificial seawater acclimated fish and grown without cortisol reduced to less than 80% compared to controls. The addition of cortisol to culture medium improved cell viability in seawater with 94%–95% viability compared to controls. The optimised gill cell epithelium was exposed to trace elements at concentrations previously reported as causing 50% response or mortality (EC/LC50) using other cell-based and in vivo studies. Viability of the gill cells were compared to the 50% response or survival reported. The gill cells were found to be more sensitive than other isolated primary seawater-fish cells, having 5%, 16% and 37% survival on exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and lead, respectively. Results from this study has shown that cultured rainbow trout gill epithelia can be optimised to tolerate seawater and can be used in toxicological evaluations of pollutants resuspended in seawater, mimicking marine ecosystem conditions. The optimised gill cell system can serve as a viable in vitro method for marine ecosystem toxicological studies which would facilitate effective pollution control and management.