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Open Access
Military in politics and governance
(University of Lagos Press and Bookshop Ltd., 2021) Eshiet I.
Nation building in Africa has remained a daunting challenge over the years, and the military institution has been an active part in nation building, although it has no constitutional role to do so. This chapter examines military involvement in politics and governance and its impact on nation building in Africa, using secondary sources. Specifically, the chapter assesses the military professional organization and its constitutional role in the state. It examines the reasons why African armies meddle into politics, a domain that is outside their constitutional role. It also assesses the performance of the military while in governance. Finding reveals a myriad of factors that have made the political terrain attractive to the military, such as civilian misrule. It also shows that years of military rule did not usher in the desired nation building. This led to a clamour for the return to civil rule from the 1990s. Today, the majority of African states operate civil regimes and military takeovers have become unfashionable therefore, raising a fundamental issue ‘if there is a future for military rule in Africa.’ Inferences from present socio-economic and political realities in the continent reveal the imminence of military coups. The chapter therefore concludes that military rule may remain a permanent feature in Africa’s political landscape if civil mis-governance continues as usual. This however, poses a challenge to nation building as military rule is antithetical to nation building.
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Open Access
Challenges of parenting as a student
(John West Publishers, 2006) Eshiet I.
For most new entrants into the university, the reality of becoming an undergraduate is not only exciting and stimulating but also self-fulfilling. However, becoming a new entrant into the university system could be quite challenging and daunting, as new entrants are often confronted with the challenge of transiting into their new status as 'undergraduate students' with the attendant roles, expectations and performances. This chapter examines the challenges faced by new entrants into the university, with a focus on parenting students, using both primary and secondary data. Finding reveals that parenting students do face a lot of challenges, as they try to navigate the two competing roles of being a student and parent. However, there is a gender differential in the challenges and experiences of male and female parenting students, due to the societal ascribed gender roles for men and women. There are however solutions to these challenges. The chapter therefore, offers practical tips on how to overcome the challenges and become a successful student and parent.
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Open Access
Nicotinamide Ameliorates Serum C-Peptide and Brain Tryptophan Levels in STZ-Induced Diabetic Sprague- Dawley Rats
(International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2015) Ebuehi, O.A.T.; Fregene, C.; Ihegboro, G.O.
Metabolic complications of Type-1 diabetes mellitus are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Nicotinamide treatment has been reported to reverse pancreatic beta cell damage and used to prevent Type-1 diabetes mellitus. The effects of nicotinamide on fasting blood glucose, serum C-peptide and brain tryptophan have not been fully investigated. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of nicotinamide on fasting blood glucose, serum C-peptide and brain tryptophan levels in Streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Type-1 diabetes was induced by intra peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (55mg/kg) using Sprague-Dawley rats. After 2 days, the rats were divided into diabetic control and nicotinamide-treatment group. Nicotinamide was orally administered at daily doses of 375mg/kg and 500mg/kg for a period of 4 weeks, while another group of rats without this treatment served as control. The diabetic control group showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in fasting blood glucose, but a decrease in serum C–Peptide and brain tryptophan levels compared with the control. Treatments with 375mg/kg and 500mg/kg nicotinamide showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, but an increase in serum C-peptide and brain tryptophan levels compared with diabetic control. Data of the study indicate that nicotinamide may prevent diabetic complications by alleviating its metabolic symptoms of hyperglycemia and polyphagia, which may ameliorates pancreatic islet cell damage in diabetic rats.
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Open Access
Postmortem Time Affects Brain, Liver, Kidney and Heart DNA in Male Rat
(American Journal of Biochemistry, 2015) Ebuehi, O.A.T.; Motolani Amode; Ayooluwa Balogun; Adenike Fowora
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of post-mortem time (0, 24, 48 h) on the integrity of DNA vextracted from the brain, liver, heart and kidney of male albino Sprague –Dawley rats. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) followed by agarose electrophoresis were used to detect the correlation between DNA integrity and post mortem time. The results of the post-mortem DNA profile showed that DNA degradation was a time dependent process. DNA from brain, as compared to liver and kidney DNA, showed a slower degradation rate and therefore brain could serve as a valuable organ for studying degradation in longer post-mortem time. This study provides the first DNA profile analysis of the postmortem progress of DNA degradation in rats.
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Open Access
Pro‑inflammatory cytokine response and genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Nigeria
(Advanced Biomedical Research, 2016) Ebuehi, O.A.T.; Ajibaye, O.; Osuntoki, A.A.; Iwalokun, B.A.; Balogun, E.O.; Egbuna, K.N.
Background: Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‑2 (msp‑2) and associated parasite genetic diversity which varies between malaria‑endemic regions remain a limitation in malaria vaccine development. Pro‑inflammatory cytokines are important in immunity against malaria, understanding the influence of genetic diversity on cytokine response is important for effective vaccine design. Materials and Methods: P. falciparum isolates obtained from 300 Nigerians with uncomplicated falciparum malaria at Ijede General Hospital, Ijede (IJE), General Hospital Ajeromi, Ajeromi (AJE) and Saint Kizito Mission Hospital, Lekki, were genotyped by nested polymerase chain reaction of msp‑2 block 3 while ELISA was used to determine the pro‑inflammatory cytokine response to describe the genetic diversity of P. falciparum. Results: Eighteen alleles were observed for msp‑2 loci. Of the 195 isolates, 61 (31.0%) had only FC27‑type alleles, 38 (19.7%) had only 3D7‑type alleles, and 49.3% had multiple parasite lines with both alleles. Band sizes were 275–625 bp for FC27 and 150–425 bp for 3D7. Four alleles were observed from LEK, 2 (375–425 bp) and 2 (275–325 bp) of FC27‑and 3D7‑types, respectively; 12 alleles from AJE, 9 (275–625 bp) and 3 (325–425 bp) of FC27‑types and 3D7‑types, respectively; while IJE had a total of 12 alleles, 9 (275–625 bp) and 3 (325–425 bp) of FC27‑types and 3D7‑types, respectively. Mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 1.54. Heterozygosity (HE ) ranged from 0.77 to 0.87 and was highest for IJE (0.87). Cytokine response was higher among <5 years and was significantly associated with MOI (P > 0.05) but with neither parasite density nor infection type. Conclusion: P. falciparum genetic diversity is extensive in Nigeria, protection via pro‑inflammatory cytokines have little or no interplay with infection multiplicity.