Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology- Scholarly Publications

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Browsing Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology- Scholarly Publications by Author "Adeluola A.O"

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  • Item
    Open Access
    Antimicrobial Evaluation of Preservative Efficacy in Formulations of Locally Sourced Kaolin
    (2020) Ezeobiora C.E; Adeluola A.O; Mendie U.E
    Kaolin anti-diarrheal suspension is a pharmaceutical preparation having high water content and of earthy source. This makes it vulnerable to microbial degradation and spoilage. It therefore requires adequate preservation to retard proliferation of microbial contaminants. This study intended to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different preservative agents employed in the formulations of locally sourced kaolin raw material. Suspensions of kaolin were prepared following standard laboratory procedures from a locally sourced, processed and standardized sample. Samples of kaolin suspension containing 0.25% chloroform, 0.1% benzoic acid, 0.2% methyl paraben and a combination of 0.2% methyl paraben with 0.02% propyl paraben were challenged with 3 bacterial and 2 fungal strains and results were periodically assessed on day 0, the 7th, 14th and 28th days. Standard microbiological pourplate dilution technique was used to determine the number of surviving microorganisms. The log number of surviving microorganism (cfu/ml) was tabulated and plotted against time (days). Results from our studies showed a remarkable log reduction of microbial counts observed in all samples preserved with 0.2% methyl paraben and the combination of 0.2% methyl paraben with 0.02% propyl paraben on the 7th day with a continuous decline in the number of surviving microorganisms up to the 28th day. Samples preserved with 0.1% benzoic acid and 0.25% chloroform showed continuous increase in the log numbers of surviving organisms over the period of test. In Conclusion, methyl paraben and combination of methyl and propyl parabens were effective against all the challenged microorganisms in the kaolin suspension. The combination of methyl paraben and propyl paraben was the most effective preservative system showing the greatest decline in the number of surviving microorganisms over time and ability to prevent contamination during use and storage of the product. Benzoic acid (0.1%) and chloroform (0.25%) on the other hand were ineffective preservative systems in the kaolin suspension. KEYWORDS: kaolin suspension, microorganism, preservative, challenge test.
  • Item
    Open Access
    Processing and Evaluation of Locally Sourced Kaolin for Pharmaceutical Production
    (2018) Adeluola A.O; Ezeobiora C.E; Mendie U.E
    Cheaper and readily available natural clay deposits in Nigeria, may serve as good sources of pharmaceutical raw material. This work sought to process, characterize and evaluate locally sourced kaolin for drug production. Kaolin samples were locally sourced from Abia state and Ogun state of Nigeria. Purification was done through wet processing and chemical treatment of the samples. Chemical leaching was done using 2mol/l, 4mol/l and 8mol/l concentrations of hydrochloric acid with subsequent boiling for 6 hours. They were subjected to identification test for kaolin, carbonate test and iron limit test. The physicochemical properties were assessed. Samples were characterized using X-Ray Flourescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and micrograph. The raw, treated and standard kaolin samples were assessed for microbiological quality. The physicochemical properties and microbial limit tests for their formulated suspensions were also assessed. All the treated powdered samples, complied with pharmacopoeial standards for kaolin. The micrograph showed that the particles are small, clustered and granular. Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Aspergillus spp. and Histoplasma spp. were identified only in the raw kaolin samples, while the Acid treated samples had acceptable pharmacopoeial standards for microbial limit. XRF, XRD and FT-IR results revealed that 2 mol/l HCl treated samples gave better pharmaceutical-grade kaolin. The suspensions formulated from the treated kaolin samples showed good physicochemical properties and microbial limit. This research reveals that Wet Processing Technique and 2 mol/l HCl leaching is suitable for processing locally sourced kaolin for drug production.
  • Item
    Open Access
    Processing and Evaluation of Locally Sourced Kaolin for Pharmaceutical Production
    (2018) Adeluola A.O; Ezeobiora C.E; Mendie U.E
    Cheaper and readily available natural clay deposits in Nigeria, may serve as good sources of pharmaceutical raw material. This work sought to process, characterize and evaluate locally sourced kaolin for drug production. Kaolin samples were locally sourced from Abia state and Ogun state of Nigeria. Purification was done through wet processing and chemical treatment of the samples. Chemical leaching was done using 2mol/l, 4mol/l and 8mol/l concentrations of hydrochloric acid with subsequent boiling for 6 hours. They were subjected to identification test for kaolin , carbonate test and iron limit test. The physicochemical properties were assessed. Samples were characterized using X-Ray Flourescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and micrograph. The raw, treated and standard kaolin samples were assessed for microbiological quality. The physicochemical properties and microbial limit tests for their formulated suspensions were also assessed. All the treated powdered samples, complied with pharmacopoeial standards for kaolin. The micrograph showed that the particles are small, clustered and granular. Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Aspergillus spp. and Histoplasma spp. were identified only in the raw kaolin samples, while the Acid treated samples had acceptable pharmacopoeial standards for microbial limit . XRF, XRD and FT-IR results revealed that 2 mol/l HCl treated samples gave better pharmaceutical grade kaolin. The suspensions formulated from the treated kaolin samples showed good physicochemical properties and microbial limit. This research reveals that Wet Processing Technique and 2 mol/l HCl leaching is suitable for processing locally sourced kaolin for drug production.