Faculty of Pharmacy

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    Open Access
    Some Pharmacological Actions of the Alkaloid Cryptolepine from Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta.
    (University of Lagos, 1981-07) Naomesi, Benjamin. Kwame.
    The Pharmacological actions of the alkaloid cryptolepine from Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta has been investigated and shown to have anti-inflammatory activity related to the inhabitation of the actions of prostaglandins, as demonstrated on the rat stomach strip and the rabbit duodenum and not to the inhibition of synthesis or release of prostaglandins as demonstrated on the perfused lizard lung preparation. It has about one fifth and half the potency of indomethacin and aspirin respectively at the same dose levels.
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    Preparation and evaluation of directly compressible atrach from Manihot Utilissima (POHL)
    (School of Postgraduate Studies of the University of Lagos, Akoka, 1991-02) Odusote, M.O
    Direct compression of tablet making is the compression of tablets from powder blends of active ingredients and suitable excipients which flow uniformly into a die cavity and compress into a firm compact without need for a granulation step.
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    Emulsifying and suspending properties of Okra Mucilage in Liquid drug delivery systems
    (School of Postgraduate Studies of the University of Lagos, Akoka, 1992) Brown, S.A
    Drugs are chemical substances which may be natural in origin, or semi-synthetic. the sole aim of the use of drugs is to cure or ameliorate and prevent disease conditions.
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    The kinetics and mechanics of survival of microbial contaminants in IV dextrose infusion fluids
    (School of Postgraduate Studies of the University of Lagos, Akoka, 1992) Udo, E.A
    The problems of infection is a universal one, which can only be educed through adoption of scientifically established operational technique. Basically, the use of aseptic procedure in some aspects of patient care is a sine qua non for such control.
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    Studies on the rational use of chloroquine in the management of uncomplicated malaria in Lagos State General Hospitals
    (School of Postgraduate Studies of the University of Lagos, Akoka, 2005-11) Aina, B.A.
    Malaria is a curable and preventable disease and it is a major public health problem in Nigeria and Chloroquine is still the first line drug in its treatment in Nigeria. Inappropriate prescribing which is the failure to prescribe drugs in accordance with guidelines based on scientific evidence to ensure safe, effective, and economic use, is an irrational drug use behavior. Increased benefits from chloroquine or a slow down of progression to resistance could be achieved by improving prescribing practice, drug quality, and patient compliance. The objectives of the study were to determine the impact of two modes of educational intervention on chloroquine prescribing pattern of prescribers in Lagos State General Hospitals, to determine the quality of chloroquine dosage forms available in these hospitals and to undertake cost effectiveness analysis of chloroquine tablet and injection. The study was carried out in all the ten General Hospitals under Lagos State Hospitals Management Board. One hundred prescriptions each for adults and children at each hospital were systematically sampled between January and December 2000. Where there were fewer than 100 prescriptions all the prescriptions available were sampled for quantitative analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to prescribers between November and December 2001 for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quality of the chloroquine dosage forms available in these hospitals was determined using British Pharmacopoeiea methods. The cost effectiveness analysis of chloroquine tablet and injection chloroquine was calculated Educational intervention took place between January and February 2002. Seminars were presented in 8 out of the 10 hospitals. Among the 8 that had seminars, 4 hospitals had xvi educational posters while the other 4 had plastic boxes describing correct doses of chloroquine left behind. Two hospitals served as control. There was significant increase in the percentage of prescriptions with correct dosage of chloroquine post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (p< 0.01). There was association between intervention and correctness of dosage of chloroquine prescribed (p<0.001). There was association between the mode of intervention and dosage of chloroquine prescribed (p<0.001). There was also association between the dosage of chloroquine and the different dosage forms of chloroquine prescribed (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the group with plastic box and the group with poster in percentage of correct prescriptions (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in percentage of correct prescriptions between 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months post intervention hence outcome of intervention was sustained. The tablets passed the quality tests more than the two other dosage forms. Tablet chloroquine was more cost effective than injection chloroquine The conclusion from this study is that educational intervention improved the prescribing pattern of chloroquine. Tablet should be encouraged more than injection because it is safer and more cost effective. There is need to determine the quality of chloroquine available in our hospitals.
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    Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Antibacterial Therapy and Resistance in Lagos Metropolis,Nigeria
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2007) Suleiman, I.A
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    The Physicochemical Properties,Biopharmaceutics and Chromatogrphic Quantification of Atovaquone, in Vitro and in Vivo.
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2008) Phillips, I.M
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    Pharmacological and Toxicity Studies of the Aqueous Root Extract of Dalbergia Saxatilis Hook, F. (Papilionaceae)
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2008) Yemitan, O.K
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    Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Maize and Beans Types in Lagos Markets
    (University of Lagos Postgraduate School, 2008) Ogah, C. O.
    Pesticides used in agriculture for the control of various pests often leave residues in foodstuffs and these have been shown to pose health hazards. Analysis of pesticide residues in food is one way to determine the level of human exposure to these chemicals and hence their potential human health hazards. Maize (Zea mays L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) samples purchased from different markets in Lagos State were analyzed for residues of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Analysis was done using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS) after careful extraction and cleanup. Most of the maize samples (96%) were found to contain residues of one or more pesticides with concentrations ranging from 2.2-3951.0 ÎĽg/kg. The white types of maize contained higher concentrations of residues than the yellow types. Three classes of pesticides were detected in maize. All the samples of beans analyzed contained at least one pesticide residue (100% incidence). White beans were found to contain higher concentrations of residues than the brown types. The concentrations of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides residues in beans ranged from 2.3-1480.5ÎĽg/kg. The most commonly found residue among both maize and beans samples was the organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl. Its percent occurrence was 43 in maize and 54 in beans. There was a decline in the mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in both maize (6.9-41.3ÎĽg/kg) and beans (4.8-39.7ÎĽg/kg) compared to the results of a previous similar study (10.0-93.0ÎĽg/kg for maize and 25.0-303.0ÎĽg/kg for beans). Maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the various pesticides were exceeded in up to 10% of samples of both maize and beans. The incidence of pesticide residues in maize and beans was found to be higher in some markets than others but mean concentrations were not different from market to market. The pesticide residue contents were decreased by boiling. Percent reduction ranged from 9 to 100. The extent of reduction was higher in the organophosphates (24-100%) and carbamates (20-100%) than in the organochlorines (9- 32%). The estimated total diet intakes (ETDIs) for most of the pesticides were well below their maximum permissible intakes (MPIs). On the other hand, the ETDIs for aldrin, dichlorvos and dieldrin exceeded their MPIs by 100%, 363% and 17% respectively. Conclusively, most of the maize and beans in Lagos markets contain pesticide residues at different levels and maximum residue limits were exceeded in about 10% of samples. There is therefore a need for more stringent monitoring of the use of pesticides in agriculture and food storage in Nigeria.
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    Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Maize and Beans Types in Lagos
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2008) Ogah, C.O
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    Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinentic Studies on Various Formulations of Amodiaquine in Artemisinin Combination Therapies.
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2008) Akinyele, M.O
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    Phytochemical and harmacological Evaluation of Hymenocardia Acidatul (Hymenocardiaceae)Leaves.
    (School of Postgraduate Studies University of Lagos., 2008) Sofidiya, M.O
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    Hepatotoxicity and Hematological Effects of Combination First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in Healthy Sprague-Dawley Albino Rats
    (School of Postgraduate Studies, 2009-04) Lawal, B.A
    Full texts attached
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    Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation o-f the Aqueous Extract of Mezoneuron Benthamianum Baill (Caesalpiniaceae)
    (School of Postgraduate Studies, 2009-07) Mbagwu, H.O
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    Evaluation of the Phamacological and Toxicological Actions of Byrsocarpus Coccineus Schum and Thonn. (Connaraceae)
    (School of Postgraduate Studies, 2009-11) Akindele, A.J
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    Self assembly of star shaped amphiphiles – Opportunities for drug delivery
    (Department of Pharmaceutics The School of Pharmacy University of London, 2010-09) Aluko, O.M.
    In order to study the influence of branching on the self-assembly of PEG amphiphiles, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based star-shaped have been synthesised and studied as self-assembling systems. Palmitoyl (C16) groups were grafted to 8-armed PEG with differing degrees of palmitoylation (P8PEG1 & P8PEG4). A novel amphiphilic linear analogue (HDPEG) was also synthesised with hexadecyl (C16) pendant groups for comparison. These amphiphiles were characterised using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Fourier Transform- Infrared and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. The Pyrene probe was employed to evaluate self assembly properties while Photon Correlation Spectroscopy was used to measure particle size distribution. Molecular architecture and hydrophobic substitution had a profound effect on their self-assembly behavior; as P8PEG4 with branched architecture and the greatest degree of hydrophobic substitution had the lowest polydispersity index. Also, the critical micellar concentration (CMC) for P8PEG4, P8PEG1 and HDPEG were 3, 8 and 15 ÎĽM respectively, inferring greater micelle stability with branched architecture and increased hydrophobic substitution. Particle size and morphology were confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy as P8PEG4 and HDPEG formed mixtures of micelles and nanoparticles while a novel core-shell nano- and micro self assembly was observed for P8PEG1. Preliminary drug encapsulation studies on the amphiphiles loaded low amounts of Griseofulvin (0.04-0.09mg/ml with 5mg/ml of polymers). These resulting stable aggregates of PEG-based amphiphiles may be of benefit for drug delivery applications. However, future studies should focus on influence of polymer architecture on drug encapsulation in order to improve their encapsulation efficiency.
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    Formulation of Quinine Suppository and Evaluation of Quinine uptake in the Mouse Brain.
    (2011) Soremekun, R.O
    The occurrence of resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine by Plasmodium falciparum stimulated new interest in quinine for treating multi-resistant falciparum infection. Parenteral quinine is the gold treatment in the management of severe and complicated malaria. There is the need for early initiation of treatment in management of complicated malaria. An antimalarial drug to be used at home must be safe, effective, affordable and easy to administer A rectal formulation of quinine will serve the purpose of home initiation of treatment. The main objective of this work was to develop a stable quinine suppository that will ensure adequate release of quinine and evaluate quinine uptake into the four sections of the mouse brain Cocoa butter and Fattibase TM were used in the preparation of suppositories containing 200mg quinine bisulphate. The release profiles of the formulations with varying concentrations of polysorbate 80 (0, 1, 2 and 5%) were evaluated by in-vitro dissolution in pH 8 buffer medium. Evaluation of brain uptake was carried out in various stages using the murine mice model. Quantification of uptake into the four brain sections was done with a High Pressure Liquid Chromatography technique. Uptake was compared in the four brain sections of parasitized and non-parasitized murine mice as a function of time (30, 60, 120, 180, 240 min). Quinine uptake from suppository was also compared with uptake from peritoneal injection in parasitized and non-parasitized. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the 3-way ANOVA. The Formulations of suppositories in cocoa butter and FattibaseTM released quinine in adequate quantity. Addition of polysorbate 80 improved release of quinine significantly (P = 0.005 for cocoa butter and P = 0.003 for FattibaseTM). Cocoa butter with 1% Polysorbate 80 released 36.8% quinine bisulphate in 60 min while release from suppositories with 2% and 5% surfactant was erratic. FattibaseTM suppositories with 5% polysorbate 80 released 85% quinine content in 60min. This formulation was stable in the refrigerator for three months while samples stored at ambient temperature were stable for one month. From the release profiles, three formulations have very high potentials in management of cerebral malaria: cocoa butter+1%, FattibaseTM + 2% and 5% respectively. Fluorescence microscopy revealed green fluorescence characteristic of quinine in the brain sections of parasitized and non-parasitized mice treated with quinine. Quinine crossed the blood brain barrier into the brain in parasitized and non-parasitized mice. This confirms that inflammation is not required for the transport of quinine bisulphate into brain. Quinine from the suppository was available in the brain in 30 min. Uptake had a significant time–dependence (P=0.000). Uptake in parasitized mice was significantly higher than that in the non-parasitized mice (0.000). Quinine uptake varied significantly in the four brain sections with olfactory lobe recording the highest uptake in the two groups of mice (0.000). Quinine uptake in the parasitized mice is biphasic while a steady decline was observed in non-parasitized mice over the time period. The concentration of quinine taken up by other brain sections: cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata was significantly lower than the concentration in the olfactory lobe with cerebrum having the lowest uptake in the parasitized mice. This intra-rectal formulation will be useful in pre-referral management procedures in primary health facilities, homes and rural areas.