Department of Pharmacognosy

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Browsing Department of Pharmacognosy by Subject "Analgesic"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Open Access
    Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark in experimental animal models
    (University of Costa Rica, 2009) Adedapo, A.A.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Afolayan, A.J.
    Margaritaria discoidea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various body pains in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The aqueous extract of its stem bark was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract had a good analgesic effect characterized by a reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. Similarly, the extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. These results were also comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. This study has provided some justification for the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as stomachache, pain and inflammations.
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    Open Access
    Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of cyathula prostrata (linn.) blume (amaranthaceae)
    (2012) Ibrahim, M.B.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Van Rooyen, A.; Van de Venter, M.
    Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume (Amaranthaceae) is an annual herb widely used traditionally in the treatment of various inflammatory and pain related health disorders in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide production in U937 macrophages, LPS-induced COX-2 expression, carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema), analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests) and antioxidant activities (DPPH [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl] and lipid peroxidation assays) activities of the plant extract were investigated. Results: The methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata did not show inhibitory activity in the in vitro PMAinduced reactive oxygen species, LPS-induced nitric oxide production and LPS-induced COX-2 expression assays. In the in vivo anti-inflammatory assays, the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in the carrageenan, arachidonic acid and xylene-induced tests. Cyathula prostrata produced a significant (P < 0.05, 0.001) dose-dependent inhibition in the acetic acid and hot plate analgesic tests respectively. The plant extract did not exhibit any antioxidant activity in the DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays. Conclusion: The results suggest that the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata possesses antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and this authenticates the use of the plant in the traditional treatment of ailments associated with inflammation and pain.
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    Open Access
    Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract and Fractions of the Root Bark of Callichilia stenopetala Stapf. (Family Apocynaceae) In Mice
    (Natural Product Research Group, University of Benin., 2017) Orabueze, C.I.; Adesegun, S.A.; Coker, H.A
    The root of Callichilia stenopetala is used as chewing stick in the treatment of toothache and for oral hygiene in South-East Nigeria. The study assessed the antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of methanol root bark extract and fractions of C. stenopetala. Analgesic activity of methanol root bark extract of C. stenopetala and its fractions were evaluated using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate and tail immersion) tests in mice. Morphine sulphate, acetyl salicylic acid and diclofenac sodium at 4, 100 and 10 mg kg-1, respectively were used as standards. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) assays. Oral acute toxicity was also evaluated. The extract (250 and 500 mg kg-1), ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (200 mg kg-1) reduced acetic acid-induced writhing with percentage reduction of 65.14, 84.06, 93.27 and 50.63 %, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract at 500 mg kg-1 significantly increased reaction times in tail immersion and hot plate tests. The formalin test results for the ethyl acetate fraction suggested involvement of central mechanism of pain inhibition. In DPPH scavenging assay and TPC, the extract showed good antioxidant potential, with most of the activity prominent in the polar fractions. At 8000 mg kg-1 no death of animal occurred. These findings suggested that C. stenopetala has pain alleviating effect which may be due to its antioxidant activity and this further substantiated the claimed traditional use of the plant in the management of acute toothache.
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    Open Access
    Phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Lagenaria breviflora (Cucurbitaceae) in laboratory animals
    (University of Costa Rica, 2013) Adedapo, A.; Adewuyi, T.; Sofidiya, M.
    The plant, and especially the fruit of Lagenaria breviflora is widely used in folklore medicine in West Africa as a herbal remedy for the treatment of human measles, digestive disorders, and as wound antiseptics (e.g. umbilical incision wound), while livestock farmers use it for Newcastle disease and coccidiosis treatment in various animal species, especially poultry. The purpose of this study was to contribute with new informa-tion on this plant leaves extract effect, as few studies have considered their effects. We collected fresh leaves of Lagenaria breviflora from the school farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria in May 2011. Dried leaves were ground and a 200g sample was used to prepare the extract. The grounded leaves material was allowed to shake in 1 000mL distilled water for 48h, in an orbital shaker at room temperature of 24°C. The obtained extract was filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40ºC, and the thick solution was lyophilized, for a final extract yield of 12.6%. Standard phytochemical methods were used to test the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenetic glycosides and flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of the plant was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic effect was determined using the acetic acid writhing method as well as formalin test in mice. Our results showed that the extract at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the formation of the oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. The extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, signifying its analgesic effect. These results were however less than those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Since the plant extract reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine, as well as reduced the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing models and dose-dependent decrease of licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, the results have validated the basis for the traditional use of Lagenaria breviflora against inflamed purulent wounds, swellings, and bruises seen in some infectious diseases such as New Castle disease.