Department of Pharmacognosy

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Open Access
Lipoxygenase inhibitors in the seeds of Aframomum danielli K. Schum (Zingiberaceae).
(Urban and Fischer Verlag, 1999-10) Odukoya, O. A., Houghton, P. J. and Raman, A.
Alcohol and petrol extracts of the seeds of Aframomum danielli inhibit the soya 5-lipoxygenase enzyme and thus may show antiinflammatory activity. Compounds isolated from the active fractions were shown to be long chain polyprenyl benzoquinone derivatives. Phytylplastoquinone was isolated from the petrol extract and plastoquinone-7 (heptaplastoquinone) from the alcohol extract. The presence of these two known benzoquinones in A. danielli and their ability to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase are reported here for the first time.
Open Access
Antioxidant properties of the methanol extract from the leaves of Paullinia pinnata
(Mary Ann Liebert, 2007) Jimoh, F.O.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Afolayan, A.J.
Paullinia pinnata is an African woody vine widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. In order to throw more light into its mechanisms of pharmacological actions, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of its leaves were evaluated using different testing systems. Its scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals as well as its ferric ion reducing power were assessed. The results showed that P. pinnata possessed strong scavenging activity and moderate reducing power. The total phenol, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts were very close to those reported for most medicinal plants and showed good correlation with its antioxidant activities. These properties are probably part of the reasons why P. pinnata is effective in folk medicine.
Open Access
Medicinal potential of the root of Arctotis arctotoides
(Taylor & Francis, 2007) Afolayan, A.J.; Jimoh, F.O.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Koduru, S.; Lewu, F.B.
The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the acetone, methanol, and water extracts from the root of Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm (Asteraceae) were assessed in an effort to validate the medicinal potential of the subterranean part of the herb. The antioxidant activities of acetone and methanol extracts as determined by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods were higher than that of water extracts. The extracts showed significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The strongest activity was found in the acetone extract on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus kristinae, and Streptococcus pyrogens with an MIC of 0.1 mg=mL. Although not completely fungicidal, these extracts showed significant growth inhibition against all the fungi tested. Antioxidant and antimicrobial acti-vities of the extracts were strongly correlated with total phenols and to a lesser extent with their flavonoids and proanthocyanidins contents. This study has validated the medicinal potential of the underground part of A. arctotoides.
Open Access
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extract of Acacia karroo stem bark in experimental animal
(Wiley Online Library, 2008) Adedapo, A.A.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Masika, P.J.; Afolayan, A.J.
The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Acacia karroo Hayne was investigated for its anti-inﬂammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced signiﬁcantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by a signiﬁcant reduction in the number of writhes with two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) used when compared to the untreated control group. In the tail immersion test, the extract at the doses used (100 and 200 mg/kg) increased reaction time to pain after 30 min. of oral administration of the extract. Indomethacin at 10 mg/kg served as reference drug in all these tests. The results gave a scientiﬁc basis to the traditional uses of Acacia karroo mainly for wound poultices, eye treatments and cold remedies.
Open Access
Assessing Plasma Glucose and Lipid Levels, Body weight and Acute Toxicity Following Oral Administration of an Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Parinari Curatellifolia Planch, (Chrysobalanaceae) Seeds in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Rats
(Academic Journals, 2008-09-03) Ogbonnia, S.O; Adekunle, A; Olagbende-Dada, S.O; Anyika, E.N; Enwuru, V.N; Orolepe, M
The study was aimed at evaluating the safety and hypoglycaemic effects of Parinari curatellifolia seeds used in the treatment of diabetes. The plasma glucose level and other biochemical parameters, body weight and liver, heart, renal and acute toxicities were assessed following oral administration of an aqueous ethanol (80%) extract of the seeds in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Toxicity of the extract was evaluated in Swiss albino mice by feeding the animals with the graded doses of the extract between 1.0 to 2.0 g/kg body weight orally and observed continuously for the first 4 h and hourly for next 24 h, then 6 hourly for 48 h (72 h, acute toxicity). Diabetes was induced in male and female Wistar rats with alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) dissolved in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally (i.p). The plasma glucose levels of the induced animals were monitored with a glucometer after 72 h. The animals with plasma glucose level >300 mg/dl were classified as diabetic and were included in the study. The diabetic animals were treated with the extract and a reference drug, glibenclamide, respectively for 30 days. Their effects on plasma glucose levels and some biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment as indices of their antidiabetic activity. The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the extract was determined to be 7.27 g/Kg body weight. There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in the plasma glucose and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, and significant increase (p<0.05) in high density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol in the treated diabetic groups compared to the control. There was no significant increase in the body weight in the diabetic and normal groups treated with the extract while there was a significant gain in weight for the diabetic rats treated with reference drug. Aspartate aminotransferases (AST) level was not affected in the treated diabetic rats while significant changes in the alanine aminotransferases (ALT) and the creatinine levels were observed in all groups treated with the extract. The LD50 value indicated the drug to be quite safe as a single dose treatment. The results also showed that the extract had good hypoglycemic activity and good effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
Open Access
Phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Hymenocardia acida
(Taylor & Francis, 2009) Sofidiya, M.O.; Odukoya, O.A.; Afolayan, A.J.; Familoni, O.B.
This study investigates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae). The inhibition values of the extracts and quercetin were found to be very close, with no significant differences at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL-1 in their ability to inhibit 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total proanthocyanidins for both water and methanol extracts were 20.2 ±0.01 and 30.6 ±0.51 mg g-1 (catechin equivalent) while the total phenol contents were 20.0 ±0.52 and 35.6 ±1.42 mg mL-1 (tannic acid equivalent), respectively. Positive correlations R2 =0.85, R2 = 0.94, R2 =0.97 for DPPH, reducing power and 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline) 6-sulphonic acid (ABTS). Linear regression analysis also produced a high correlation coefficient with total proanthocyanidins (DPPH, R2 = 0.69; ABTS, R2 = 0.94). H. acida extracts showed low antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ≥5.0 mg mL-1) against gram negative bacteria but significantly (MIC value ≥2.5 mg mL-1) inhibited the growth of the gram positive strains tested. Qualitative TLC of the extract was positive for flavonoids, phenols, steroids and triterpenoids. The results of this study support the use of H. acida in traditional Nigerian medicine and show that the alcoholic extract of the leaves can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant and can be of assistance in some dermatological problems.
Open Access
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark in experimental animal models
(University of Costa Rica, 2009) Adedapo, A.A.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Afolayan, A.J.
Margaritaria discoidea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various body pains in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The aqueous extract of its stem bark was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract had a good analgesic effect characterized by a reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. Similarly, the extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. These results were also comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. This study has provided some justification for the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as stomachache, pain and inflammations.
Open Access
Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill) Vahl (Fam. Verbanaceae) extract in animals
(African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009) Ogbonnia, S.O.; Nkemehule, F.E.; Anyika, E.N.
Stachytarpheta angustifolia is an important and a highly valued medicinal plant ethnobotanically used in the treatment of various diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate acute and subchronic toxicity in animals and also evaluate the phytochemical profiles of hydroethanolic extract of S. angustifolia (Mill) Vahl plant. S. angustifolia attracted the attention of the researchers because of its uses as an anti-infective, antidiabetic in folkloric medicine and also as soap by local farmers. The aqueous ethanol (80%) extract of the powdered dried plant was obtained by maceration. Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity and phytochemical profiles of the plant extract was performed using standard procedures. The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the extract of S. angustifolia was determined to be 8.721 g/kg body weight. The extract lowered blood plasma glucose and low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) levels but raised high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) level. The protein, creatinine, and phosphorous levels were significantly affected only by the highest dose of the extract while calcium level was not affected by all the doses used. The extract contained triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituent. The LD50 value indicated the drug as being slightly toxic. The extract did not produce any toxic effect in the animals' tissues at low and moderate doses but could cause kidney damage in higher doses. Lowering of plasma glucose level and the positive effects of the extract on the cardiovascular risk factors were an indicator that the extract could have some good antidiabetic activity.
Open Access
Ikirydinium A: a new indole alkaloid from the seeds ofHunteria umbellata (K. Schum)
(Elsevier Ltd, 2011) Ajala, O.S.; Piggott, A.M.; Plisson, F.; Khalil, Z; Huang, X.; Adesegun, S.A.; Coker, H.A.; Capon, R.J.
Chemical investigations into samples ofHunteria umbellata(K. Schum) collected in Osun State, Nigeria,led to the discovery of a new indole alkaloid, ikirydinium A, featuring an unprecedented 3-alkylpyridinium-indole-2-carboxylate scaffold. Ikirydinium A was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity (IC500.6lM) againstBacillus subtilisATCC 6051. The involvement of a common intermediate in the biosynthesis of ikirydinium A and vinblastine is hypothesized
Open Access
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (M¨ull. Arg) Hutch & Dalziel leaves
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2011) Amaeze, O.U.; Ayoola, G.A.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Adepoju-Bello, A.A.; Adegoke, A.O.; Coker, H.A.B.
This study evaluated the antioxidant activity as well as bioﬂavonoid content of the methanol and ethanol-water extracts of the fresh and dried leaves of Tetracarpidium conophorum. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric methods using DPPH free radical, nitric oxide radical inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. In addition, total phenolics, ﬂavonoids and proanthocyanidin content were also determined. The ethanol: water extract of the dried leaves had the highest antioxidant activity with a 50% inhibition of DPPH at a concentration of 0.017 mg/mL compared to the standards, Vitamin C and Vitamin E with inhibition of 0.019 and 0.011 mg/mL, respectively. This extract also showed nitric oxide radical inhibition activity comparable to that of rutin, 54.45% and 55.03% for extract and rutin, respectively, at 0.1 mg/mL. Ferric reducing power was also comparable to that of ascorbic acid (281 and 287 μM Fe (11)/g, resp.) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The methanol extract of both the dried and the fresh leaves had higher phenolic, ﬂavonoids and proanthocyanidin content than the ethanol : water extract. The study reveals that T. conophorum can be an interesting source of antioxidants with their potential use in diﬀerent ﬁelds namely food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Open Access
Effect of Flabellaria paniculata Cav. extracts on gastric ulcer in rats
(BioMed Central Ltd., 2012) Sofidiya, M.O.; Agufobi, L.; Akindele, A.J.; Olowe, J.A.; Familoni, O.B.
The leaves and root of Flabellaria paniculata (Malpighiaceae) are frequently used in the treatment of wounds and ulcers in Nigerian folk medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of ethanolic extracts from the leaves (FPL) and root (FPR) of F. paniculata on gastric ulcers in rats. Methods The effect of FPL and FPR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated in ethanol and indomethacin gastric ulcer models. Control groups for FPL and FPR were orally treated with 3% Tween 20 and distilled water respectively. FPL was further investigated in pylorus ligation model. Misoprostol and cimetidine were used as reference. Results FPL significantly (P < 0.05) reduced gastric lesions by 82.22% and 67.32% in ethanol and indomethacin induced ulcer models at 100 mg/kg respectively while FPR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) did not exert significant effect in the two models. In pylorus ligation model, FPL exerted a significant preventive antiulcer effect as indicated by reduction in gastric volume at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. Only 400 mg/kg of the extract exerted a significant reduction in ulcer index when compared with the control group. The oral route LD50 of FPL was estimated to be 4570 mg/kg while that of FPR was 2754 mg/kg. The LD50 in intraperitoneal injection was estimated to be 1202.26 and 1380.38 mg/kg for FPL and FPR respectively. The phytochemical investigation showed that both extracts possess triterpenoids and saponin, while the presence of flavonoid was detected only in FPL. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that FPL and not FPR is effective against experimentally induced gastric ulcers. The presence of varied phytochemical constituents probably influenced the pharmacological differences between the two extracts.
Open Access
Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of cyathula prostrata (linn.) blume (amaranthaceae)
(2012) Ibrahim, M.B.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Van Rooyen, A.; Van de Venter, M.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume (Amaranthaceae) is an annual herb widely used traditionally in the treatment of various inflammatory and pain related health disorders in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide production in U937 macrophages, LPS-induced COX-2 expression, carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema), analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests) and antioxidant activities (DPPH [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl] and lipid peroxidation assays) activities of the plant extract were investigated. Results: The methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata did not show inhibitory activity in the in vitro PMAinduced reactive oxygen species, LPS-induced nitric oxide production and LPS-induced COX-2 expression assays. In the in vivo anti-inflammatory assays, the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in the carrageenan, arachidonic acid and xylene-induced tests. Cyathula prostrata produced a significant (P < 0.05, 0.001) dose-dependent inhibition in the acetic acid and hot plate analgesic tests respectively. The plant extract did not exhibit any antioxidant activity in the DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays. Conclusion: The results suggest that the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata possesses antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and this authenticates the use of the plant in the traditional treatment of ailments associated with inflammation and pain.
Open Access
Phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Lagenaria breviflora (Cucurbitaceae) in laboratory animals
(University of Costa Rica, 2013) Adedapo, A.; Adewuyi, T.; Sofidiya, M.
The plant, and especially the fruit of Lagenaria breviflora is widely used in folklore medicine in West Africa as a herbal remedy for the treatment of human measles, digestive disorders, and as wound antiseptics (e.g. umbilical incision wound), while livestock farmers use it for Newcastle disease and coccidiosis treatment in various animal species, especially poultry. The purpose of this study was to contribute with new informa-tion on this plant leaves extract effect, as few studies have considered their effects. We collected fresh leaves of Lagenaria breviflora from the school farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria in May 2011. Dried leaves were ground and a 200g sample was used to prepare the extract. The grounded leaves material was allowed to shake in 1 000mL distilled water for 48h, in an orbital shaker at room temperature of 24°C. The obtained extract was filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40ºC, and the thick solution was lyophilized, for a final extract yield of 12.6%. Standard phytochemical methods were used to test the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenetic glycosides and flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of the plant was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic effect was determined using the acetic acid writhing method as well as formalin test in mice. Our results showed that the extract at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the formation of the oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. The extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, signifying its analgesic effect. These results were however less than those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Since the plant extract reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine, as well as reduced the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing models and dose-dependent decrease of licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, the results have validated the basis for the traditional use of Lagenaria breviflora against inflamed purulent wounds, swellings, and bruises seen in some infectious diseases such as New Castle disease.
Open Access
Antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity of markhamia tomentosa leaf extract on hela cells
(2013) Ibrahim, M.B.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Spies, L.; Van de Venter, M.; Odukoya, O.A.; Koekomoer, T.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Markhamia tomentosa (Benth) K. Schum ex. Engl. (Bignoniaceae), a tree widely dispersed in West Tropical Africa, is used traditionally to treat various diseases as it possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and methods: This study evaluates the cytotoxic effect and underlying mechanisms of the ethanolic extract of Markhamia tomentosa on HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and non-cancerous Vero cell line. Brine shrimp lethality test was used for preliminary screening. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT assay and IC50 was calculated. Effect of Markhamia tomentosa on the cell cycle was monitored by flow cytometry and the apoptosis-induction capability confirmed by exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was analysed by flow cytometry using JC-1. Results: Markhamia tomentosa was toxic to brine shrimps with LD50 of 31.62 mg/ml. Cell viability and growth of HeLa cells was inhibited by the extract with an IC50 of 189.171.76 mg/ml at 24 h post treatment. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. The extract induced cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells in the G0/G1 phase resulting in cell death after 24 h exposure. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells was substantiated by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining showing phosphatidylserine translocation and depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry of JC-1 stained cells. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Markhamia tomentosa induces G0/G1 in HeLa cells followed by induction of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
Open Access
Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn. (Connaraceae)
(Elsevier, 2013) Dada, O.K.; Akindele, A.J.; Morakinyo, O.A.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Ota, D.
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The need for enhanced efficacy and safety, and cheaper and more readily available new drugs has increased the search for new antidiabetic drugs from plants. This study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of B. coccineus in rats. METHODS: The effect of B. coccineus extract (100–800 mg·kg–1, p.o.) on blood glucose levels in normal and glucose loaded rats, and al-loxan-induced diabetic rats was determined. After 10 days of treatment, blood samples were collected from rats for lipid and insulin profiling. Animals were thereafter sacrificed and the kidneys, heart, and liver were harvested for antioxidant indices assay. RESULTS: In normal rats, B. coccineus did not cause significant reduction in blood glucose. At the dose of 800 mg·kg–1, significant increase in blood glucose level was not observed 30 min. after glucose load. B. coccineus administered acutely did not generally produce signifi-cant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic rats. Administered subacutely, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats from the 3rd day with peak effect observed at the dose of 800 mg·kg–1 on the 10th day. The extract generally preserved in vivo antioxidant levels in the kidneys, heart, and liver, increased the level of high density lipoprotein and insulin, and reduced the level of triglycerides and low density lipoprotein compared to diabetic control. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study suggest that the hydroethanolic leaf extract Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiabetic activity possibly mediated through inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption, in vivo antioxidant activity, and enhancement of regeneration of beta cells of the pancreas and insulin secretion.
Open Access
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Alafia barteri
(2014) Sofidiya, M.O.; Imeh, E.; Ezeani, C.; Aigbe, F.R.; Akindele, A.J.
This study analyzes the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of ethanolic leaf extract of Alafia barteri Oliv., Apocynaceae, based on its medicinal use in the treatment of toothaches, inflammation and fevers. The antinociceptive effect was assessed in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing, tail clip, tail immersion and formalin assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, and xylene-induced ear oedema in mice. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced pain by 35.04, 56.49 and 84.25%, respectively. The extract also significantly inhibited both the early and late phases of formalin-induced nociception in mice. In the tail immersion test, the extract caused a significant inhibition of pain (34.43% inhibition, after 90 min) at a dose of 200 mg/kg, while the effect of the extract in the tail clip test was only significant at the 100 mg/kg dose. A. barteri caused a significant inhibition of paw oedema development in the carrageenan and xylene-induced oedema tests. There was no mortality recorded following treatment with the extract (5 g/kg, p.o.). The results support the traditional use of A. barteri in the treatment of various diseases associated with pain and inflammation.
Open Access
Chromosome aberrations induced by markhamia tomentosa (benth.) k. schum ex. engl. ethanolic leaf extract on allium cepa root cells.
(2014) Ibrahim, M.B.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Odukoya, O.A.
Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. Ex Engl. (Bignoniaceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of pain, oedema, pulmonary troubles and cancer. The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of M. tomentosa was investigated using the Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay. The mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations and mean root length effects of the plant extract on onion bulbs were determined using 50, 100, 200, 400 and 1000 µg/ml concentrations of the plant extract. Tap water was used as the negative control. The result showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in mitotic index of the onion root tip cells with increased concentration. The plant extract induced stickiness, c-mitosis, bridges and fragments, vagrant, bi-nucleus, multipolar anaphase and laggard chromosomal aberrations in the tested concentrations with no observable chromosome aberrations in the control group. A significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean root length of onions treated with 400 and 1000 µg/ml concentrations and the control group was recorded. Thus, Markhamia tomentosa ethanol extract exerted mito-depressive, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on Allium cepa root cells.
Open Access
The aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens (Vahl.) Aristolochiaceae inhibits chemically induced inflammation in rodents.
(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, 2014) Aigbe, F.R.; Adeyemi, O.O.; Sofidiya, M.O.
The potential of the aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens (AR) (10-100 mg/kg p.o) to inhibit inflammation induced by phlogistics was evaluated using the carrageenan and egg albumin induced rat paw oedema, formaldehyde induced arthritic inflammation and xylene induced mouse ear oedema models. AR (10-50 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased rat paw oedema in the carrageenan and egg albumin induced inflammation, producing comparable inhibition of 57.1% and 65.6% to the 57.9% and 63.9% of indomethacin and diclofenac (10 mg/kg p.o) respectively at 50 mg/kg. AR (10-50 mg/kg) also dose dependently inhibited formaldehyde-induced arthritic paw oedema over the 10 day observation period, with a greater inhibition of 50% at 50 mg/kg than the 40.8% inhibition by diclofenac (10 mg/kg i.p). AR (50 mg/kg) also produced greater inhibition of 84.78% than the 65.21% by dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) in xylene-induced ear oedema. Results show that the aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens possesses antiinflammatory activity.
Open Access
Antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of Markhamia tomentosa in rats
(Elsevier, 2014) Sofidiya, M.O.; Agunbiade, F.O.; Koorbanally, N.A.; Soesan, D.; Familusi, T.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The leaves of Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. Ex Engl.(Bignoniaceae) are used traditionally in the treatment of skin afﬂictions, sores, ulcers and inﬂammation. The aim of the study was to investigate the antiulcer activity of the crude ethanolic extract from the leaves of Markhamia tomentosa, determine the active fraction(s) of the extract and identify the chemical constituents in the active fraction by LC–MS. Materials and methods: The antiulcer activity of the crude extract (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated in ethanol and indomethacin-induced models while the solvent fractions (150 mg/kg) were screened using ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Furthermore, anti-ulcer activity of the active fraction (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.) was performed using indomethacin and pylorus ligation models. Parameters such as gastric volume, pH and acidity were determined in the pylorus ligation model. LC–ESI–MS analysis was used to identify the components in the active fraction. Results: The extract at the dose of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg caused a signiﬁcant (po0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer in the ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models, respectively. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed the most potent antiulcer activity from all the fractions tested. This fraction produced 72% and 92% inhibition of indomethacin and pylorus-induced ulcer at a dose of 150 mg/kg respectively. Acteoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-rutinoside, Luteolin-30,7-di-O-glucoside, carnosol, dilapa-chone, tormentic acid, oxo-pomolic acid and ajugol were detected in the EtOAc fraction. Conclusion: Our data provide a rational base for the folkloric use of Markhamia tormentosa in the treatment of ulcers.
Open Access
Antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata in some laboratory animals.
(De Gruyter, 2015) Adedapo, A.A.; Adeoye, B.O.; Sofidiya, M.O.; Oyagbemi, A.A.
Background: The study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties of Andrographis paniculata leaf extracts in laboratory animals. Methods: The dried and powdered leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical and proximate analy-ses. Its mineral content was also determined. Acute toxicity experiments were first performed to determine a safe dose level. The plant material was extracted using water and ethanol as solvents. These extracts were then used to test for the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxi-dant properties of the plant. The anti-inflammatory tests included carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw oedema. The analgesic tests conducted were formalin paw lick test and acetic acid writhing test. The antioxidant activities of the extracts of A. paniculata were deter-mined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total polyphenol (TP) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) using ascorbic acid as standard for both DPPH and FRAP, and gallic acid as a standard for both TP and ABTS. Results: The acute toxicity experiment demonstrated that the plant is safe at high doses even at 1600 mg/kg. It was observed that the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata had higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract. The experiments using both extracts may suggest that the extracts of A. paniculata leaves possess anti-inflamma-tory, analgesic and antioxidant properties, although the ethanolic extract seemed to have higher biological prop-erties than the aqueous extract. Conclusions: The results from this study may have justi-fied the plant’s folkloric use for medicinal purpose.

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