Botany-Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    Grafting in Screenhouse of Parkland Shea Tree Accessions with Agronomic Traits for Quality Seedlings Multiplication for Farmers in Nigeria
    (Apex Journal International, 2023-03) Eziashi, E.I; Adekunle, A.A.; Chidi, N.I.; Nwawe, A.K.I; Aneni, T.I; Udo, M.E; Mohammed, A.I; Hamza, A.M; Omoregie, K.O; Garba, M.H.
    There is an urgent need to supply farmers with true-to-type grafted seedlings of shorter gestation period and direct seeds sowing of high yield. The screenhouse grafted shea seedlings, grafted shea seedlings transferred to open field and shea seeds directly sowed in nursery bags in the open field had been studied. The results revealed that scions collected from shea tree accessions in the parkland with the best agronomic traits were grafted in screenhouse at 500 per batch for each trial. After six months trial, the highest mean survival and mortality rates for grafted shea seedlings in screenhouse were 87.6 and 12.4%. Followed by the second grafted shea seedlings transferred to open field with 19.1 and 80.9 had the highest mortality rate and the third, seeds directly sowed in the open field using nursery bags 94.7 and 5.3% had the highest survival rate respectively. The average mean screenhouse temperatures at midday were 38.30C, open field 32.80C and screenhouse cooling 27.30C. The screenhouse cooling temperature was better for grafting compared with open field. The cooling was normalized by opening the doors, watering and cross ventilation to reduce plant stress. The differentiated grafted shea seedlings in screenhouse at 3 months old were transplanted to the field. However, the grafted shea seedlings raised in screenhouse exhibited better plant vigor, pest and disease free and, would have true- to-type as parent plant and shorter gestation period for quality seedlings multiplication for farmers in Nigeria
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    Open Access
    Fungal Spore Diversity and Abundance in Five Areas in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria
    (Kampala International University, Uganda, 2023) Odebode, A.; Adekunle, A.A.
    Background: Airborne fungal spores may pose as a potential high risk of fungal-related health problems in humans, animals, and plants which necessitated the need to constantly monitor the pre- sence and diversity of fungi spores in the atmosphere regularly. This study aims to investigate diversity and abundance of airborne fungal spores across multiple locations for two years in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria. Subjects dan Method: Study descriptive cross-sectional are used to investigate diversity and abundance of airborne fungal spores across multiple locations. The variable in this study were Air- borne fungi spores diversity sampled monthly from five different locations in Ibadan, Oyo State, South-West Nigeria for two years using the open plate sedimentation method with the petri dishes of Dichloran-glycerol 18 (DG-18) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Monthly Meteorological para- meters were equally taken during the duration of sampling. The data were collected and graphical presented using histograms. Results: A total of 39 fungal species were identified throughout duration of study. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most abundant fungi genera isolated while few Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes were found. Rainy season period favours high number of fungi in the atmosphere. The highest abundance of fungal spores was recorded in June and July while lower fungi concentrati- on was recorded between December and February. Conclusion: the study revealed the most dominant and abundant spores belong to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. The results show the need for people suffering from fungi sensitivity and allergies to be well informed.
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    Open Access
    Isolation, Identification and Effect of Fungi from Rhizosphere of Diseased Amaranthus hybridus L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Lactuca sativa L. and Allium fistulosum L Vegetable Crops in selected Farms in Lagos State, Nigeria
    (2023-05) Shonde, A.T; Adekunle, A.A.; Samuel, T.A.; Adeogun, O.O.; Ebabhi, A.M; Kanife, U.C
    Soil microorganisms play prominent roles in soil health, promotion of crop growth and incidence of disease. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify and understand the impact of fungi isolated from rhizosphere and diseased Amaranthus hybridus L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Lactuca sativa L. and Allium fistulosum L vegetable crops in selected farms in Lagos State of Nigeria using standard techniques. A pathogenicity test was conducted to ascertain the pathogen responsible for crop diseases. A total of 138 fungi isolates comprising of 26 fungi species were isolated from the four selected farms. Idi-Araba farm had the highest fungi isolates with 46%, Mile 12 contributed 24% fungi isolates, Iyana Iba had 18% while the least contribution was Badagry farm with 12% fungi isolates. Five were found to be pathogenic on the vegetables which include Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Alternaria alternata, and Colletotrichum gleosporoides. Thirty-three (33%) percent of pathogenic fungi isolated were from Idi-araba farm, Iyana-Iba and Mile 12 farms contributed 25% respectively while Badagry farm contributed 17% pathogenic fungi. Our results showed that the presence of pathogenic fungi in all farms is the principal cause of crop disease and severe post-harvest losses
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    Open Access
    Optimization of Myrothecium roridum tode: fries phytotoxin production and bioactivity on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
    (Taylor Francis, 2021) Okunowo, W.O.; Osuntoki, A.A.; Adekunle, A.A.; Gbenle, G.O.; Abbas, H.K.; Shier, W.T.
    Phytotoxin production by Myrothecium roridum Tode: Fries (IMI 394934) and in vitro bioactivity on water hyacinth leaves (WHL) were evaluated. Phytotoxin produced caused necrosis of WHL three days postapplication. Potato carrot broth and WHL broth formulations gave the highest phytotoxin production in culture. Phytotoxin production was light-dependent and peaked at pH 4.5. Xylose and glutamine were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The phyto- toxin was thermostable, and phytotoxicity was pH-dependent, but photoperiod-independent. Bioassay-guided fractionation indicated the active phytotoxin was roridin A. Phytotoxicity of rori- din A and roridin E was similar (p > 0.05) to paraquat used for water hyacinth control.
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    Open Access
    Extracts of endophytic fungi from leaves of selected Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants exhibited antioxidant activity
    (BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2021) Ibrahim, M.; Oyebanji, E.; Fowora, M.; Aiyeolemi, A.; Orabuchi, C.; Akinnawo, B.; Adekunle, A.A.
    ackground: Plants with an ethnobotanical history are known to harbor diverse group of endophytic fungi, which constitute major natural sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi from eight Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Acalypha ornata, Albizia zygia, Alchornea cordifolia, Chrysophyllum albidum, Ficus exasperata, Gomphrena celosioides, Millettia thonningii, and Newbouldia laevis. Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of selected plants via surface sterilization. Isolated fungi were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rDNA) sequence analysis. Pure fungal strains were subjected to fermentation process on solid rice medium and metabolites extracted using ethyl-acetate. Fungal crude extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reduction of ferric ion assays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was used to identify the major chemical constituents in active fungal extracts. Results: A total of eighteen fungal endophytes with fungal codes CU (061 and 062); ZA (161, 162, 163, and 164); LO (261); CA (041, 042, and 043); FE (081, 082, and 084); GE (091); MO (211 and 212); and NA (021 and 022) were isolated from the eight ethnomedicinal plants A. ornata, A. zygia, A. cordifolia, C. albidum, F. exasperata, G. celosioides, M. thonningii, and N. laevis respectively. ZA 163 and MO 211 fungal extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 50.53 ± 0.01 and 86.69 ± 0.02 μg/ml respectively. Fungal extract CA 041 demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher iron chelating activity than standard gallic acid with absorbance values of 0.803 and 1.107 at 250 and 500 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Pyrogallol, phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-, phytol, dl-alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocospiro, oleamide, methyl stearate, oleic acid, palmitic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester, lup-20(29)-en-3-one, and lupeol were detected in the selected active extracts. Conclusion: These results showed that leaves of the selected Nigerian plants harbor diverse group of endophytic fungi, which can be potential antioxidant resource