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Browsing Botany-Scholarly Publications by Author "Adekunle, A.A"
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- ItemOpen AccessAntifungal Activities of Ethanol and Aqueous Crude Extracts of Four Nigerian Chewing Sticks(2006-01-06) Adekunle, A.A; Odukoya, K.AThe antifungal activities of the ethanol and aqueous crude extracts of four Nigerian chewing sticks were investigated. Also a preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plants was done. The chewing sticks include Anogeissus schimperi, Distemonanthus benthmianus, Vernonia amagdalina and Xanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. All the plants tested, except Anogeissus Schimperi, displayed antifungal activities, zone of inhibition above the 10mm standard mark. The ethanol crude extracts of the chewing sticks had a greater zone of inhibition in comparison with the aqueous extract. Among the individual plant extracts, D. benthmianus had the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Microsporium gypseum and Trichophyton metagrophytes. The chewing sticks contain antifungal agents, though the concentration and composition of the bioactive substances may differ amongst the plants. Distemonath benthmianus exhibited a better antifungal activity and thus made it more suitable for better dental care. Flavonoid was present in all the plant extracts.Tannin was present in all the plant extract, except that of Anogeissus schimperi. Alkaloids were absent in all the plant extract.The ethanolic extracts had more phytochemical compounds than the aqueous extracts.
- ItemOpen AccessAn Appraisal of the Contributions of Herbalism to Primary Health Care Delivery in South West Nigeria.(2010-04-01) Kadiri, A.B; Adekunle, A.A; Ayodele, A.EHerbalism contributes significantly to the primary health care delivery system in the southwest Nigeria through sale and administration of different herbal medicinal preparations which are available in a number of ways like tinctures, herbal wine and elixirs, tisanes, decoctions, macerates, topical, poultices, whole herb consumption, syrup, extracts, inhalation, local rings, incision and rubbing, charm belt, and other charm apparels. Medicines may be hawked by the ambulatory vendors (apothecary) or patients consulting practitioners. Charges are relatively cheap, consultation is prompt and the medicines are reportedly efficacious. Non-exclusion of anybody from patronizing and being organized around people’s needs and expectations, which are two of the key elements of WHO to achieve the ultimate goal of primary health care of better health for all are affectively entrenched in the practice. We adopted and employed basic scientific method, anthropological training skills and study approaches in Humanities to elicit our findings. Government support is highly solicited
- ItemOpen AccessEffects of Ethanol Extracts of Healthy and Infected Panicum Maximum (Jacq.) Floret on Liver and Kidney Function Profile and Histopathology in Sprague-Dawley Rats(2012-05-09) Kanife, U.C; Odesanmi, O.S; Adekunle, A.A; Doherty, V.FThere is concern that consumption of infected of infected Panicum maximum florets may result in poisoning in livestock. This study investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of healthy and infected P. maximum florets (Poaceae) on selected indices of liver and kidney functions, haematological and histopathological parameters in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were fed with different doses of lyophilized extracts for 21 days and effect of the plant on tissues of liver and kidney were macroscopically examined. Also the effects on the biochemical and haematological parameters were evaluated. The healthy floret extract significantly reduced (P < 0.05) aspertate aminotransferases(AST), alanine aminotransferases(ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, albumin and total protein at moderate to high doses. There were no significant changes in red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin levels (HB) and packed cell volume (PCV) when compared with control. The infected floret extract significantly reduced ALT, AST and ALP at low to moderate (100 – 500mg /kg body weight) but induced significant increase in ALT level at the highest dose of 750mg/kg body weight when compared with control. Total protein and creatinine levels were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected while urea level was reduced at all doses. Red blood cell, HB and PCV increased as doses increased. Histopathological examination revealed marked pathological lesions on liver and kidney at high dose administration of the infected extracts. However healthy floret extracts did not induce any pathological lesions on liver and kidney. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Effects of Post Harvest Mycodeterioration on the Proximate Composition of Irvingia Gabonensis Seeds(2014) Sanyaolu, A.A; Adekunle, A.A; Akinniyi, OPostharvest losses of produce occasioned by microorganisms can be either in quantitative or qualitative terms. Both way, and on a global scale, fungal pathogens have been indicted as one of the most important agents responsible for postharvest losses of crops. Fungi associated with diseased Irvingia gabonensis (Baill) seeds were isolated bimonthly from these seeds from four open markets in the Lagos metropolis over a two year period. In terms of number and species abundance, Alayabiagba Market in Ajegunle area had the highest fungal occurrence while Aspergillus niger had a higher percentage occurrence from each, and all of the experimental sites combined. Visually healthy seeds of Irvingia gabonensis were also inoculated with one of the pathogenic fungal species (Aspergillus oryzae) isolated from the diseased seeds and left for between 8-10 days after. Both the visually healthy and Aspergillus oryzae infected (diseased) seeds of Irvingia gabonenesis were subjected to a proximate analysis, considering nutrients such as moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and energy. The results from this mycodeterioration studies showed that the Aspergillus oryzae caused some significant reduction in the amount of most of the nutritional parameters in the Irvingia gabonensis seed. This work is probably a first report on pathogenic fungal species associated with the diseased seeds of Irvingia gabonensis in the open market as well as the effect of one of these species on the proximate composition of this seed.
- ItemOpen AccessEvaluation of Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Alstonia Congensis Engler (Apocynaceae) Bark and Xylopia Aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) Fruits Mixtures used in the Treatment of Diabetes(Academic Journals Inc., 2008-03-18) Ogbonnia, S.I; Adekunle, A.A; Bosa, M.K; Enwuru, V.NThe present study was carried out to evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of a hydroalcoholic extract of a mixture (1:1) of A. congensis bark and X. aethiopica fruits used locally in the treatment of diabetes. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. The animals were fed with the hydroalcoholic extract between the doses of 1.0 to 20.0 g/kg body weight and were observed continuously for the first 4 h and for every hour for the next 24 h, then 6 hourly for 48 h. Wistar rats were also fed with different doses of the extract for 30 days and effects on biochemical parameters evaluated (subacute toxicity model). The LD50 of the extract was found to be above 20.0 g/Kg body weight. There was reduction in the plasma glucose and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level in the treated animals. A significant increase in the body weight was observed for groups treated with lower doses of the extract while groups treat with higher doses showed no significant weight increase. Aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and alanine aminotransferases (ALT) levels were not affected at lower doses of the extract but there was increase in creatinine levels in all the treated animals. The extract demonstrated good hypoglycaemic effects by lowering the plasma sugar level and also had some beneficial and reduction effects on cardiovascular risk factors. There was no evidence of drug-induced symptoms or death at all the doses of the extract administered in acute study but subacute results revealed a tendency to cause kidney problems on a long-term use.
- ItemOpen AccessMolecular Identification of Biodiversity of Fusarium Species Isolated from Wilted Oil Palm and Date Palm in Nigeria(Sciencedomain International, 2014-05-13) Chidi, N.I; Adekunle, A.A; Eziashi, E.I; Omamor, I.B; Odigie, E.E; Osagie, I.JBiodiversity of sixteen Fusarium isolates, isolated from the roots of oil palm and date palm in Nigeria was studied. Ten Fusarium isolates out of the sixteen were obtained from the oil palm while six isolates were from date palm. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to detect the phylogenetic similarity between them. The unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic average (UPGMA) dendrogram clearly separated these sixteen Fusarium isolates into five groups (clusters). The first at SC values of 100 grouped six Fusarium isolates (5, 2, 13, 9, 8 and 14,) of both oil and date palms. They belonged to F. oxysporum and F. chlamydosporum. The second at SC values of 100 had one Fusarium isolate (16) of date palm. It belonged to F. solani. The third at DC values of 71-100 grouped six isolates (6, 4, 3, 7, 11 and 10) of oil and date palms. They all belonged to F. solani. The fourth at DC value of 76 had one Fusarium isolate (1) of oil palm, it belonged to F. nelsonii. The fifth at SC value of 100 grouped two Fusarium isolates (15,12) of date palm. They belonged to F. nelsonii and chlamydosporum. The sequence alignment technique showed there were similarities between these sixteen Fusarium isolates. The analysis of RAPD showed that the sixteen Fusarium isolates were five groups while sequence alignment technique grouped them into five Fusarium isolates. The slight difference in similarity may be attributed to ecological origin and zone of the Fusarium isolates.
- ItemOpen AccessOccurrence and Effectiveness of an Indigenous Strain of Myrothecium roridum Tode: Fries as a Bioherbicide for Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Nigeria(Taylor and Francis Group, 2013-08-27) Okunowo, W.O; Osuntoki, A.A; Adekunle, A.A; Gbenle, G.OIn a study to isolate fungal pathogens with potential for the biocontrol of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), some lakes in the Lagos State and its environs, Nigeria, were surveyed for diseased water hyacinth (E. crassipes). The fungi present in the diseased tissue were isolated and identified as: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., Curvularia pallescens, Fusarium solani and Myrothecium roridum. The n pathogenicity of isolates of these fungi on fresh, non-diseased water hyacinth plants was investigated. Myrothecium was the only species capable of inducing disease symptoms. Necrosis was observed on water hyacinth leaves three days post inoculation (DPI) with M. roridum (1 × 106 spores/ml). The leaves and the petioles were withered at the end of day 24, and the disease incidence and disease severity were 100% and 8.67%, respectively. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA of the M. roridum isolate from water hyacinth showed >98% homology to authenticated sequences of M. roridum. The isolate, deposited at the International Mycological Institute, UK, as M. roridum Tode: Fries (IMI 394934), possesses the level of virulence needed in a potential mycoherbicide for use in the management of water hyacinth.
- ItemOpen AccessPotentials of Ethanol Extracts of Infected Florets of Panicum Maximum Jacq in Evoking Uterine Contraction in Sprague-Dawley Rats(Asian Research Publishing Network, 2012-06) Kanife, U.C; Adekunle, A.A; Odesanmi, O.SThe contractility effects of aqueous, ethanol and chloroform crude extracts (0.0312-2.0mg/ml final bath concentration (FBC) and purified ethanol fractions (0.001-3.0 mg/ml final bath concentration) of infected Panicum maximum floret were evaluated on primed isolated rat uterus in the presence of ergometrine (10-5-10-2 mol/L). The crude aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts produced dose-dependent contraction of the uterus with ethanol extract being more potent than others, with the least dose achieving 77% contraction at FBC of 0.062mg/ml. Through the bioassayguided fractionation, ethanol fraction produced a similar pattern of contraction with standard drug (ergometrine). Out of the three compounds detected in the ethanol fraction on further purification, the compound with Rf value of 0.20 (identified to be alkaloid) was active. These findings suggest the possible use of this compound as a new type of uterotonic agent for uterine contraction.
- ItemOpen AccessPreservation of Seeds Against Fungi Using Wood-Ash of Some Tropical Forest Trees in Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2010-02-18) Oguntade, T.O; Adekunle, A.AFresh visually healthy seeds of Zea mays (maize), Cucumeropsis mannii (melon) and Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) were stored under three conditions, wood ash of some tropical forest trees in Nigeria namely; Khaya grandifoliola, Nauclea diderrichii, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Mangifera indica, Mansonia altissima, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Ceiba pentandra, Terminalias superba,Terminalia ivorensis). Seeds treated with benlate, an orthodox fungicide and seeds without any treatment to serve as the control of the experiment. These were set-up at two different locations on the campus (the laboratory and the botanic garden) for six months. The seeds stored with ashes of Nauclea diderrichii and Piptadeniastrum africanum were the most effective, stopping fungal growth and eliminating weevils compared to those seeds stored with benlate which is only effective against fungal growth. P. vulgaris (bean) seeds are the best stored of the three seeds probably due to the low moisture content of the seed. Four pathogenic fungi were isolated from the seeds (maize, melon and bean) at both locations and these include; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus racemosa. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that some of these ashes contained a number of active compounds which enable them (ashes extracts) to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi.
- ItemOpen AccessStudies on Coloured Leaf Spot Disease of Alchornea caused by Taphrina Derformans(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005) Adekunle, A.A; Uma, N.U; Oleah, A.Mhe coloured leaf spot disease of Alchornea cordifolia leaves was investigated and the fungal causal agent was isolated on yeast malt extract agar. The epidemiology of the disease on the university of Lagos, Akoka campus was also studied. Taphrina deformans was isolated from the diseased leaves of Alchornea cordifolia. The coloured leaf spot disease is characterised by an initial appearance of pink spots on the leaves, as the disease progresses, an intermediate stage occurs which is brownish-red in colour and eventually turned brown at the old stage. The disease epidemic is rampant between June and November of the year. The average leaf area of the pink spot was 1.61±0.22 cm2 and brown spot was 1.74±0.13 cm2. The mean leaf area of the healthy leaf is 8.64±0.15 cm2. Free hand sections of the diseased leaves revealed the presence of T. deformans ascus on the epidermal layer of A. cordifolia leaf, rupturing the epidemis to reveal the ascus, as well as disjointed intercellular presence of the fungal hyphae. The chlorophyll content of the healthy leaves of A. cordifolia was 0.24±0.059 μg g-1, while the diseased leaves had 0.22±0.099, 0.22±0.065 and 0.16±0.070 μg g-1 chlorophyll content for the pink, brown-red and brown spot stages. T. deformans grew best on A. cordifolia leaf extract broth than on potato dextrose broth and yeast malt extract broth.