Department of Quantity Surveying

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    Open Access
    Comparative accuracy of floor area, storey enclosure and cubic methods in preparing preliminary estimate in Nigeria
    (Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2011) Akinsiku, O. E.; Babatunde, S.O.; Opawole, A.
    The aim of construction cost forecasting is to provide an estimate of a construction contract. Construction clients are interested in knowing their financial commitment before the completion of a detailed design. There are various methods used by estimators to forecast the construction cost of building and civil engineering projects. The accuracy of these techniques is, however, impeded by some external factors that need to be overcome or are provided for in order to get a realistic estimated value. This study examined the three most common techniques used in preparing preliminary estimates in Nigeria, namely, the floor area or superficial method, the cubic method and the storey enclosure method. Total construction costs were extracted from the final accounts of 10 bank projects executed within the last 15 months in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. From the extracted costs, using a random selection, a project was used as the base on which other techniques were used. The data were analysed using their respective deviation from the final cost and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test their degree of relationship with the final cost. The study revealed the cubic method of calculating preliminary estimates as having the highest frequency of accuracy closest to the obtained construction value with respect to the 10 projects sampled, whereas the floor area and storey enclosure methods followed behind. However, using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, the floor area or superficial method has the greatest relationship to the construction cost; the cubic method came second, whereas the storey enclosure method has the least relationship with the construction cost.
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    Open Access
    Critical success factors in public-private partnership (PPP) on infrastructure delivery in Nigeria
    (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012) Babatunde, S.O.; Opawole, A.; Akinsiku, O. E.
    Purpose – Federal and State Governments began to explore more subtle alternatives for accessing private sector resources in the delivery and operation of public facilities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the types of infrastructural projects most suitable using public-private partnership (PPP) for executions and identify the critical success factors in PPP on infrastructural projects with a view to strengthening the partnership between the public (government) and private sector. The overall goal is to enhance infrastructural projects delivery in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – The primary data consists of survey questionnaires, drawn based on the identified factors on existing literature on critical success factors (CSFs). The structured questionnaires were administered on participants that were involved in the execution of PPP projects, either during the initial stage, construction stage or maintenance and operating stages in Lagos State. Findings – The results of the mean score ranking indicate that transportation, which include roads, rails and airports construction ranked highest followed by provision of electricity and water. Real estate and educational construction projects ranked lowest in terms of suitability of execution using PPPs. However, the result of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that, there was no significant difference in the suitability of PPP for execution of the types of infrastructural projects delivery. The paper further identified nine CSFs in public-private partnerships as follows: competitive procurement process, thorough and realistic assessment of the cost and benefits, favorable framework, appropriate risk allocation and risk sharing, government involvement by providing a guarantee, political support, stable macroeconomic condition, sound economic policy and availability of suitable financial market. The study, however, showed that well organized and committed public agency; social support; project technical feasibility and multi-benefits objectives are the CFSs that are most important to the private investors. On the other hand, factors such as transparency in the procurement process; shared authority between public and private sector; thorough and realistic assessment of the cost and benefits; commitment and responsibility of public and private sector and strong and good private consortium are the CSFs that are most important to the public clients. Originality/value – The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the suitability of PPP for execution of infrastructural projects delivery. This shows that PPP is suitable for all types of infrastructural projects. What needs to be done is to ensure that all the success factors responsible for successful implementations of PPPs are well structured in a way that its optimum performance can be guaranteed. Also, in identification of the critical factors in PPP it would help to develop a body of PPP knowledge. This knowledge would help in the establishment of relevant laws, regulations and guidelines and in the development of efficient frameworks for best PPP practices.
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    Open Access
    Stakeholders’ Perception of the Causes and Effects of Construction Delays on Project Delivery
    (Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, 2012-11) Akinsiku, O. E.; Akinsulire, A.
    The growing rate of delays is adversely affecting the timely delivery of construction projects. This study therefore assesses construction stakeholders’ perception of the causes of delays and its effects on project delivery in a bid to proffer solution in minimizing the occurrences of delays. Questionnaire was used to elicit responses from construction stakeholders; a total of thirty three causes of delays, seventeen resultant effects of delays and fifteen methods of minimizing construction delays were identified for the study based on literature reviews. The results suggest that client’s cash flow related problems are the main causes of delays while time and cost overruns are the major identifiable effects of delays in construction projects. However, adequate project planning and budgeting were suggested as possible ways of minimizing the occurrences of delays.
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    Open Access
    Causes and effects of rework in building projects in Lagos state, Nigeria
    (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, 2014-01) Ajayi, O. E.; Akinsiku, O. E.; Oyeyipo, O.
    Rework occurs as a result of design, construction changes and also as variation which is addition, omission and modification of design. Rework cost is on the increase as a result of these changes and it has indirectly affected contract sum, period of completion and quality of the project. Hence this study intends to examine the causes and effects of rework in building projects. Descriptive research design was used for this study and the population consists of construction professionals from consulting and contracting organization. Simple random sampling technique method was used. A structured questionnaire was used as the principal instrument for collecting data from construction professionals in the industry. A total of 98 questionnaires were distributed and 52 were returned given an average response rate of 52%. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 17th version was used for analysis via descriptive and inferential statistic. The findings of the study indicates that changes, defect and quality deviation are the most significant sources of rework on construction projects. Poor communication with design exerts the greatest influence on the rework occurrence on construction sites. The paper also showed that there is significant relationship between rework cost and initial contract sum, initial and final contract period, with exception of final contract sum. In conclusion poor communication with design consultant, use of poor quality materials and poor workmanship are the main causes of reworks in building projects, hence this will affect the client and the project performance in terms of time, cost and quality standard. The paper recommends that early identification of the causes and sources of reworks by consultants and contractors on building projects will reduce the effect of reworks cost on the contract sum, completion time and changes during the design and the construction changes either from the part of the client or the consultant.
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    Open Access
    Factors influencing development of small construction companies in Abia and Akwa Ibom states, Nigeria
    (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, 2014-01) Asuquo, C.F.; Ogbu, C.P; Akinsiku, O.E.
    The economic significance of small construction companies (SCCs) has been globally recognized, especially in developing economies. This study was carried out in Abia and Akwa Ibom States. Its objective was to identify and evaluate factors affecting the growth and development of SCCs in the research area. SCCs in Nigeria often experience stunted growth and show high mortality. Sixty Five (65) SCCs were randomly selected and administered with questionnaires. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression. The study reveals that majority of CEOs of SCCs are first degree (n=31, 47.69%) and higher national diploma (n=24, 36.62%) holders. Key findings are that there are significant relationships between SCC growth and development and the entrepreneurial/managerial competence of the SCC leadership (p =0.007), financial problems (p= 0.028), work availability problems (p =0.027) and equipment problems (0.034). By implication, addressing these problems will lead to a virile SCC subsector in the Nigerian construction industry. On the bases of the key findings of this study, adequate entrepreneurship training of construction professionals is recommended to the government and other stakeholders in the affected states. It is also advocated that professional and educational institutions should work together to improve the construction management competence of SCCs.
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    Open Access
    A study of quantity surveyors’ role in the implementation of public private partnership
    (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, 2014-01) Sanni, O.A; Hashim, M.; Akinsiku, O.E.
    The procurement of public projects using Public Private Partnership is aimed at achieving value for public money. It is a way of increasing the provision of public works and services without increasing government borrowing. However, quantity surveyors are professionals who specialize in construction cost management and assist clients in achieving value for their money. This paper reviewed the roles of quantity surveyors in the implementation of public projects under public private partnership in Nigeria with the aim of identifying the benefits of their active involvement in the procurement process. This is a report of preliminary study based on literature and interview of selected participants in the implementation of public private partnership projects in Nigeria. The findings showed that few quantity surveyors are involved in the planning and implementation of public projects under public private partnership arrangement. Since quantity surveyors are experts in the contract management, it is recommended that more quantity surveyors should be encouraged to participate actively in the procurement of public projects under public private partnership contracts.
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    Open Access
    Correlates of clients’ payment pattern and construction project performance
    (School of Construction Economics and Management University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., 2014-02) Akinsiku, O. E.; Olubunmi, A.J.
    Construction projects all over the world are infamous with the occurrence of time overruns and non-performance. The non-performance in this sector of the economy has been a source of concern to stakeholders in the industry. Studies have identified several factors responsible for this. The effects of client's payment pattern on construction project delivery and performance was examined in this study with a view to identifying the various payment patterns utilised in a construction project, discover the major effects imposed on the project by these payment patterns, and the most suitable payment pattern for effective project delivery. To achieve these objectives, a survey was undertaken to obtained data from 120 respondents who practice as project consultants, contractors, project management organisations and financiers. The respondents were selected from construction practitioners in Lagos State, Nigeria, being a core area of construction activities. Six payment patterns were used during the course of the research; cost-reimbursement, incentives, open-book pricing approach, advance payments, milestone payments, and direct payments. Advance payment was found to be the most acknowledged payment while claims and extension of time was established to be the major effects of client's payment patterns on construction project delivery. The study also presents a relationship between client's payment pattern and project performance. Key implication of the study to construction practitioners is that prompt payment by clients to contractors will make the construction industry less litigious and prevents contractors from factoring risks of delayed payment into bids.
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    Open Access
    Contributions of Construction Project Team to Cost Overruns: The Contractors’ Perspective
    (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2014-05) Akinsiku, O. E.; Akintola, A; Ameh, O.; Ige, A.
    A project is adjudged successful if it is completed to time, within the budgeted cost and meets client’s expectation. However, there is the global issue of construction cost and time overruns, which has contributed to poor project performance. Contractors have always been seen as the culprit in this regard, whereas, the contractor is not solely involved in construction projects, there are other project team members who determine the path of the project success. This study assesses the causes of cost overruns, viewing this from the contractor’s assessment of the contribution of its project team members. The study was conducted using questionnaire surveys in which 100 questionnaires were distributed to contractors using purposive sampling; data were analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics. The results show that lack of adequate pre-contract planning and project team coordination are the most significant factor among construction professionals leading to cost overruns. The study made recommendations which are of good benefit to the client, project team members and contractors.
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    Restricted
    Assessment of Quantity Surveyor' Service Quality
    (Covenant University, 2014-06) Akinsiku, O. E.
    Quality service delivery is an important and effective factor in the success and failure of any organisation. As a fundamental factor, it should be considered very important for the organisation to remain afloat. As a matter of fact, all service organisations must provide high quality service in order to gain the confidence of their clients. This paper assesses the quality of service being rendered by quantity surveyors with respect to construction clients' perception of it. The questionnaire was designed to collect data based on a 22 item variable which assesses service quality on the premise of tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The data collection involves the assessment of quantity surveyors service by clients. The collected data were analyzed using pair t-test analysis using the SPSS software. Research results show that highest perceived gap was in the reliability dimension and the lowest gap was in the empathy dimension.
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    Open Access
    Decision support weighted score system (DSWSS) for selection of construction contractor in Nigeria
    (Obafemi Awolowo University Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 2014-09) Ajayi, O.M.; Ogunsanmi, E.O.; Akinsiku, O. E.
    The aim of this study was to develop a computer aided methodology to determine the weights of the different parameters for contractor selection as there is no standard assessment procedure for evaluating contractor selection criteria (CSC) by decision makers in Nigeria. A survey research is adopted for this study via descriptive research design. The populations are public clients and consultant organisation. Stratified sampling technique method is used because they are of the same homogenous group, that is divided into strata. Questionnaires were distributed to clients' organization and construction professionals in consulting firms. The lists of practicing construction professionals were obtained from their professional bodies. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula while Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 17th version was used to analyse the biographical information of the respondents. The computer aided methodology used is a desktop application known as C Sharp (C#). The result gives the weights in percentage that could be assigned to contractor selection criteria (CSC) at both prequalification and tender and tender evaluation criteria. In conclusion, the weighted percentage can be used by decision makers during selection of contractor for construction projects to ensure objectivity judgement.
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    Open Access
    Effects of project management on abandonment of building projects in Lagos State, Nigeria
    (University of Lagos Press, 2014-10) Dosumu, O.S.; Akinsiku, O. E.
    The study was conducted to investigate the roles of project management on building projects in Lagos, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to determine the project management factors responsible for project abandonment, effects of poor project management on construction projects and the ways of reducing project abandonments in Lagos state. The study made use of 66 questionnaires out of the 80 that were administered on project managers within Lagos metropolis. The project managers of selected public and private abandoned projects were used for the study and the results of the study were analyzed with SPSS software using percentages and mean scores. The results of the study show that 15 project management factors lead to project abandonments to a high extent while another 15 lead to project abandonments to an average extent. The effects of poor project management on construction project abandonments and stakeholders include conflicts, loss of economic value and reduced standard of living. Project abandonment could be reduced by adequate planning, use of competent professionals and standard project management procedure. The conclusion of the study is that poor project management is key to construction project abandonments and to prevent project abandonment, the study recommends that project managers must engage in adequate planning, cost control and resource management.
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    Open Access
    Utilization of public private partnership (PPP) for social infrastructure provision in Nigeria
    (University of Lagos Press, 2015-11) Akinsiku, O. E.; Ajayi, O.M.
    Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been widely used to deliver public infrastructure and services in most developed countries like UK, Australia and Canada. However in Nigeria, the implementations of PPP for social infrastructure have not been fully adopted despite the benefit of the procurement system in terms of the usage of private sector finances to provide public infrastructure. This study thus assesses the utilization of PPP for social infrastructure in Nigeria. Cross-sectional research design is used for this study and the population comprises of professionals involved in the execution of PPP projects, government agencies and parastatals, public and private institutions, and contracting organisation. Convenience sampling technique method is used for this study of which 68 questionnaires were distributed and 49 was returned and used for the analysis, given an average response rate of 72%. The study shows that the level of utilisation of PPP procurement system is very low as most respondents have not been involved in PPP procurement system in Nigeria, this is attributed to the fact that this procurement system is yet to be fully embraced and adopted as a means of providing critical infrastructural need although professionals are quite aware of the procurement system.
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    Open Access
    IMPACT OF INFLATION TARGETING IN SOUTH AFRICA ON PRIVATE SECTOR SPENDING ON CONSTRUCTION
    (JClRE, Journal of Department of Estate Management, University of Lagos, Nigeria .., 2016) Babalola, A. J.
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of inflation targeting on the private sector spending on construction in South Africa. The research approach was quantitative and the data were historical, drawn from different data sources such as South African Reserve Bank, Statistic South Africa and Quantec. The data used were private sector spending on construction as the dependent variable while GDP, inflation rate and interest rate were independent variables covering the period between 1984 and 2011. The estimation technique used is the ordinary least squared method. To ensure that the model is robust and alid, diagnostic check such as R-squared; probability ofF-statistics; and normality were carried out. It as discovered that the model is robust, stable and all the independent variables jointly influenced the pendent variable. The study recommended that the monetary policy in South Africa should look into ays of growing the economy so as to make itsustainable, thereby promoting every sector.
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    Open Access
    The impacts of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on quantity surveying practice
    (University of Lagos Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 2016-06) Akinsiku, O. E.
    Building Information Modelling (BIM) is gradually gaining grounds in the global construction industry. The aim of this research is to identify the effects of the adoption of BIM on quantity surveying practice. Questionnaire survey was adopted for eliciting information from respondents who were mainly quantity surveyors. The data obtained were analyzed using Mean Item Score. The findings show that BIM has the capabilities to enhance quantity surveyors’ performances as well as poses a threat to the relevance of the profession in the face of the various capabilities of BIM. The study also found that there are various survival strategies that quantity surveyors can adopt in the face of the adverse impacts of BIM adoption in order to remain relevant in the construction industry. The research will serve as an eye opener on the nobility of BIM to quantity surveyors as well as an early warning signs of what can be of the profession should BIM be fully implemented and functional in the construction industry in Nigeria.
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    Open Access
    Effects of delayed payment of contractors on construction project delivery in Nigeria
    (The Construction, Building and Real Estate Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 2016-09-20) Akinsiku, O. E.; Ajayi, O.M.
    Delay in paying construction contractors has impacted negatively on the effectiveness of the contractor and as such affect project delivery schedule. Failure to pay contractors for work executed might lead to the contracting firm being insolvent. This research is a form of quantitative research and it a cross -sectional research survey which is a combination of descriptive and explanatory research design. The population of the study comprises of clients, consultant and contractors. A total of 65 questionnaires were distributed and 47 were returned and used for the analysis. It gives a response rate of 72%. Random sampling technique method was used, thus the respondents has equal chances of being selected. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 20th version) was used to analyse the data via descriptive and inferential statistic. The finding shows that the causes of delayed payment were unrealistic cash flow, error in claims, poor financial problems and disagreement on valuation of work. The impact of delayed payment is delay in project progress which affects the schedule of work and leads to cost overrun and extension of time. In conclusion clients should seek co- investors for support on financial commitment. It was recommended that the stakeholders should work as a team in the execution of project to avoid bottlenecks usually encountered in agreeing contractors’ payment.
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    Open Access
    Strategies for housing affordability in Lagos state
    (Centre of Construction Management and Leadership Development, University of Johannesburg, 2016-12) Ajayi, O.; Ajayi, O.; Akinsiku, O.; Osunsanmi, T.
    Population in urban areas are growing at a rapid rate, thus recycling of land becomes necessary despite that fact that land is a finite resource. The gap between supply and demand for housing is an issue for the government to address in order to provide housing at a cheaper rate which is the basic need of man. The purpose of this study is to assess the strategies for affordable housing in Nigeria. Research design was used and the population of the study was Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers, Contractors and project managers. Random sampling technique was adopted for this study. A total of 70 questionnaires were distributed and 51 were returned. This represents a response rate of 73%. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for analysis via descriptive and inferential statistics. The study showed that problem of land inaccessibility, stunted financial and mortgage system were the factors affecting housing delivery. Challenges of housing delivery were high cost of acquiring land, social miscreants (“Omo Onile”) and affordability. Anti-corruption measures and a responsive judiciary, Cost – saving house design, Land reforms/reviews of land use act and review of fiscal and monetary policies to reduce inflation and interest rate were the strategies to be used to ensure affordable housing. In conclusion, the Government should create an enabling environment for private sector by reducing the interest rate, taxes collected and creation of a viable housing mortgage sector to cater for the need of interested mortgage loan applicants. The use of the land should be constrained to affordable housing.
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    Open Access
    Perceptions of Construction Students on Industrial Training in Nigeria
    (2017-10) Babalola, A. J.; Obianeri, R.
    ABSTRACT Purpose: This study evaluates the perceptions of construction students on industrial training in Nigeria, with a view to suggesting ways of improving the Student Industrial Working Experience Scheme (SIWES). Design/methodology/approach: The study is a descriptive survey research in which 100 copies of a structured questionnaire, based on the objectives of the study, were administered to assess the perceptions of construction students. The questionnaire was fully responded to. Findings: The study found: that the students benefited from their SIWES programme and were exposed to real working environments in their area of studies; that there were improvements in their personal, working and communication skills; that they gained knowledge of the latest technologies as well as other knowledge that would be useful in their working lives. Practical implications: The study encourages students to participate actively in the SIWES programme and pay serious attention to their industrial supervisors. However, employers should do more to equip students technologically, while the government should adequately fund and monitor the programme in order to meet its objectives. Originality/value: The study examined the present state of the SIWES programme in Nigerian universities and advocates its improvement towards enhancing economic development. Keywords: Construction industry; Construction students; Nigeria; SIWES: Training
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    Open Access
    Implementation of total quality management of construction companies in Lagos state, Nigeria
    (University of Ilorin Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 2018) Ajayi, O.M.; Akinsiku, O. E.; Salami, T.O.
    Total Quality Management (TQM) is a continuous method of sustaining improvement and satisfying the clients’ demands. The essence is to increase competitive, innovation, profits and also to reduce rework. Construction companies had been reluctuant in the implementation of TQM. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the challenges and constraints in the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) of construction companies with a view to ensure conformity to client specification and satisfaction. Cross sectional research design was used for this study and the population entails construction professionals in indigenous and expatriate construction companies in Nigeria. Random sampling procedure was used to select the respondents. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 17th version was used to analyse using descriptive statistic and the relative importance index(RII) of the level of importance of the factors were calculated. Findings showed that management commitment factors, role of quality department, training and education, employee involvement and client’s satisfaction orientation were constraints affecting the implementation of TQM. The difficulties faced in implementation of TQM were challenges of lack of available quality system documentation, lack of understanding in the process requirement, high cost to implement TQM, lack of TQM exposure and lack of planning. In conclusion, Nigeria construction companies practice TQM at the management level with no adequate quality control and assurance manual. It was therefore recommended that Nigeria construction companies should developed a framework for the purpose of quality standard and for them to compete with their counterpart globally.
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    Open Access
    Perception of the Nigerian Quantity Surveyors on the Panorama of Disputes in the Nigerian Construction Industry
    (International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research, 2018-03) Ojo, S. M.; Babalola, A. J.
    Persistent disputes among contracting parties in the Nigerian construction industry is a cord in the wheel of effective construction projects delivery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the causes of disputes among the contacting parties in the Nigerian construction industry and to proffer solutions or strategies on how to minimize or resolve them. This study mirrors the perception of The Nigerian Quantity Surveyors (NQSs) as to causes of construction disputes. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted with the use of structured questionnaire for data collection. Eighty (80) questionnaires were distributed and Fifty five (55) professionally qualified Quantity Surveyors in consulting, contracting, educational and public service sectors filled the questionnaire. The study shows that client’s outright refusal to pay for or late payments of work done by contractor and variations order, sub-standard works on the part of contractors and design inadequacies on the part of the consultants are the dominants causes of construction disputes in the Nigerian construction industry. The study concluded that disputes in the Nigerian construction industry can be minimized or avoided if all the stakeholders are always ready to perform their duties as stipulated in the conditions of contract. The study recommends that clients should be financially buoyant before embarking on any construction project in other to pay contractors’ promptly as stipulated in the conditions of contract. Thorough review of the designs will minimize or eliminate variation. To avoid shoddy work, previously completed jobs as claimed by the prospective contractor should be visited to ascertain contractor’s technical capability. To ensure accurate design that meets the client’s need and devoid of inadequacies, design model and briefing section should be a predominant duty of design team to help clients have a better idea of the end product and iron out grey areas before construction phase.
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    Open Access
    An Investigation of Barriers to Females’ Involvement in the Nigeria Construction Industry
    (University of Benin Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 2018-10) Akinsiku, O. E.; Ajala, N. O.
    The continuous domination of the Nigeria construction industry by men remains an issue of concern to construction stakeholders as females in the Nigerian construction industry continue to be largely underrepresented. The objective of this study was to investigate the barriers to females' involvement in the Nigerian construction industry with a view to suggesting strategies that will assist to bridge this barrier. The survey reviewed literature on the level of female participation, the perceptions about women, the opportunities available to females and strategies of increasing the number of female participation in the industry. The instrument for data collection was obtained by the use of a survey questionnaire as well as the reviews of extant literature. The sampling method employed is stratified random sampling. The questionnaires were administered to built environment practitioners in consulting and contracting establishment in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. The findings revealed that the barriers which influence female under-representation in the Nigerian construction industry include; the male-dominated structure of the construction industry, family commitments such as marriage and childbirth, masculine nature of the job, long working hours. The strategies recommended to bridge this barrier include the formulation of employment policies which prevent sexism, educating young women about the industry, providing better working conditions and flexible working policies for women, provision of incentives in order to attract more women into the Nigerian construction industry.