Faculty of Science

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https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/3300
THE MISSION AND VISION: To provide the platform of high academic standard in both research and learning in Science. To be the pace-setting Faculty of Science in Nigeria and beyond in producing excellent graduates in research, learning and character.

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    Open Access
    A 3-D MODEL OF AN INSTITUTIONAL LOCATION NAVIGATION SYSTEM (NAVILOC) (A CASE STUDY OF COVENANT UNIVERSITY)
    (International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2019-01) Adebiyi, Marion; Oladeji, Florence; Onyido, Solomon; Ori, Daniel; Ogundokun, Roseline; Adeniyi, Emmanuel; Okesola, Olatunji
    Covenant University location navigation system (CU Naviloc) built on the Android platform is a mobile based system which can be easily accessed from an android mobile device across any location, downloadable on Google play store and deployable anywhere in the world. In this study,Computer-aided design as well as building Information modelling (CAD/BIM) system applications were introduced to the simulation of Covenant University, a smart and compact campus whose edifice elaborates the need for the development of a three dimensional (3D) virtual model of locations as an advancement over the existing 2D model representation of maps on the Google map and Google Earth platform. Therefore, this research work outlays the development of three dimensional models (CU NAViLoc Model) for details of information at Covenant University as well as the requirements for its development and implementation for cooperate representation of the institution. A three dimensional map of CU was packaged into a location navigation system and was implemented using Unreal Engine, Trimble SketchUp and Revit to effect a user friendly, smarter and multi-dimensional viewable user interface. CU Naviloc explore the advantage of the rich benefits of building information models and geographic information systems to build a free-roam navigator, based on a well-updated model of Covenant University location map. The benefits of this system is not limited to 3D capability, real time similarity, portability, no downtime on access, and progressive scalability with zero or little loss of data. The usage of the CU Naviloc system requires free download and installation of the app and internet presence.
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    Open Access
    3. Osuala, Fidelia I., Abiodun, Olushola A., OyelBiodiversity of Fauna and Heavy Metals Assessment in Selected Areas of the University of Lagos Akoka Campus, Lagos, Nigeria
    (2020) Osuala F.I.; Abiodun O.A.; Humphrey O.F.; Bisola G.
    The biodiversity of terrestrial fauna and assessment of some heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in soil samples were investigated in selected areas of the University of Lagos Akoka campus. Unicam - 929 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for heavy metals analysis and biodiversity index was calculated with Margalef, Shanon-Weiner and Simpson index. On the basis of the Shanon-Weiner index, Zoological garden had the highest species richness (2.75) while High-Rise (1.71) had the lowest species diversity. On the basis of the Simpson index (1-D), Faculty of Science had the highest species diversity (0.95) while High-Rise had the lowest diversity (0.75). Formicidae (21.60%), Gecarcinidae (13.77%) and Libellulidae (13.51%) were the families with the highest relative abundance in University of Lagos while Cercopithecidae (0.26%), Elapidae (0.34%) and Gryllidae (0.34%) were the families with least relative abundance. The result of the soil texture (particle size) of the various sampled zones indicated that sand is the dominant component with a mix of loam. Heavy metal mean concentrations of the soil samples from the University of Lagos indicated the presence of Pb (0.17 - 29.67 mg/kg), Ni (0.59 - 6.63 mg/kg), Mn (72.72 - 398.63 mg/kg), Cr (0.01 - 16.23 mg/kg), Cd (0.20 - 0.87 mg/kg) and Co (0.17 – 6.52 mg/kg). All heavy metals detected were below Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and European Union (EU) permissible limit for heavy metals in soils except Mn. Though, Mn is biologically important with low toxicity, there is need for consistent monitoring of the heavy metals so as not to pose a threat to the biodiversity of the study area.
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    Open Access
    4G Base Station Placement using the Foraging Bees Optimization Algorithm
    (MIRG, 2023-10-28) Ebun F.; Idris D; Chukwuekwu O; Babatunde S; Chika Ojiako
    This comprehensive paper delves into the intricate challenge of enhancing wireless coverage in university campuses, with a particular focus on the dynamic environment of the University of Lagos in Nigeria. The primary aim is to provide pervasive wireless connectivity while ensuring energy-efficient operations. To accomplish this, we employ a Foraging Bee Optimization Algorithm (FBA) for strategically placing base stations. Using a fitness function that considers both wireless coverage and energy consumption, FBA identifies optimal base station locations. The results indicate substantial improvements in coverage, with 95% of the campus now within the network's reach compared to 87% using the Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). Nevertheless, the presence of uncovered areas and a power consumption penalty underscores the continuous need for further optimization and the integration of sustainable practices. Given the ever-evolving nature of wireless network optimization, this study underscores the significance of iterative approaches in maintaining optimal coverage and balancing energy efficiency.
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    Open Access
    91-day Oral Toxicity Evaluation of a Herbal Preparation Used in the Management of Breast Tumour in Southwestern Nigeria using Mice
    (Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012) Oloyede, A. M.; Okpuzor, J.; Omidiji, O. O.
    Full texts attached
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    Open Access
    A Comparative Study of LDA and PCA Feature Extraction Techniques for Content Based Movie Recommendation Systems
    (MIRG, 2024-10-28) Abdul, U.S.; Akingbehin, V.C; Oladejo, T.O; Fasina, E.P; Odumuyiwa, V.
    With the rapid growth of digital streaming platforms and the ever-expanding catalogue of movies, effective movie recommendation systems have become crucial to enhance user engagement and satisfaction. Content-based recommendation models offer a personalized approach by leveraging intrinsic movie features to suggest relevant films to users based on their preferences. This paper compares two content-based movie recommendation models that utilizes movie attributes to generate tailored movie suggestions. The proposed models based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) start by extracting and encoding various content-related features from movies, such as genre, director, actors, plot keywords, and textual summaries. These features form a high-dimensional representation of each movie, capturing its unique characteristics. A user's preferences and viewing history are then used to build a user profile, representing their movie tastes and preferences. By comparing the user profile to the encoded movie representations, the models can identify movies that match users’ preferences. This research contributes to the advancement of content-based movie recommendation models by showcasing the effectiveness of selected movie features in providing personalized and relevant movie suggestions to users. It also demonstrates that the LDA model outperforms the PCA model on the MovieLens dataset.
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    Open Access
    A model of faulty and faultless disagreement for post-hoc assessments of knowledge utilization in evidence-based policymaking
    (Springer Nature, 2024-08) Heesen, R.; Rubin, H.; Schneider, M.D; Woolaston, K.; Bortolus, A.; Chukwu, E.E.; Kaufer, R.; Mitova, V.; Schwenkenbecher, A.; Schwindt, E.; Slanickova, H.; Sogbanmu, T. O.; Hewitt, C.L.
    When evidence-based policymaking is so often mired in disagreement and controversy, how can we know if the process is meeting its stated goals? We develop a novel mathematical model to study disagreements about adequate knowledge utilization, like those regarding wild horse culling, shark drumlines and facemask policies during pandemics. We find that, when stakeholders disagree, it is frequently impossible to tell whether any party is at fault. We demonstrate the need for a distinctive kind of transparency in evidence-based policymaking, which we call transparency of reasoning. Such transparency is critical to the success of the evidence-based policy movement, as without it, we will be unable to tell whether in any instance a policy was in fact based on evidence.
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    Open Access
    A Recipe Recommender System Using Natural Lanuguage Processing and Similarity Measures
    (MIRG, 2024-11-25) Bukola Badeji-Ajisafe; Betsy G. Otoyo; Temiloluwa A. Adebola; Abimbola O. Ajibade; Olanike C. Akinduyite; Stephen. E Obamiyi
    Personalized recipe recommendation has become a compelling need, driven by the motivation to develop intelligent systems that can match user preferences with the most related suggestions. This paper presents a recipe recommender system in which several word-embedding models—namely, Word2Vec, FastText, and Sentence Encoder (Mini LM)—are evaluated for obtaining high semantic similarity between user input and recipes in the dataset. Cosine similarity is used as the primary metric for measuring how close user inputs are to the existing recipes. The results show that the Word2Vec model performs best and has good understanding of language patterns related to the recommendation of recipes in a more precise manner. The study hence justifies using Word2Vec as an asset for future personalized recommendation systems.
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    Open Access
    A Systematic Review of the Use of Conversational Artificial Intelligence for Improving Patient Diagnostics and Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa
    (MIRG, 2024-11-25) Iloekwe J.O.
    Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transforming medical tool, specifically in marginalized parts of the continent such as sub-Saharan Africa. This paper is an exploration of conversational AI’s implementation in healthcare, with a focus on its capacity to improve patient engagement and diagnostics. Babylon Health in Rwanda and mTIBA in Kenya are case studies utilized by the paper to show diverse ways AI-based platforms have been applied to increase healthcare accessibility, specifically in marginalized communities. There is a lot of potential for the implementation of conversational AI in medicine within sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, a few drawbacks, including issues of data privacy, scarcity of digital architecture and cultural diversity exist. To efficiently scale and adopt the application of this AI system in the region, these barriers must be overcome. The paper concludes with an outline of growth opportunities and future applications of conversational AI in sub-Saharan Africa’s medical landscape.
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    Open Access
    Ab-initio investigation of the electronic, lattice dynamic and thermodynamic properties of ScCd intermetallic alloy
    (World Scientific, 2016) Adetunji, B.I; Olayinka, A.S; Fashae, J.B; Ozebo, V.C.; Adebayo, G.A
    The electronic structures, lattice dynamics and thermodynamic properties of rare-earth intermetallic ScCd alloy are studied by the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method within the generalized gradient approximation in the framework of density func tional pertubation theory. The band structure, density of states, phonon dispersion frequencies, vibrational free energy Fvib, specific heat capacity CV and entropy are studied between 0 K and 1500 K. Finally, using the calculated phonon density of states, the thermodynamic properties are determined within the quasi-harmonic approximation and a value of 47.9 (J/mol · K) at 300 K for specific heat capacity of ScCd is predicted
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    Open Access
    Abundant Natural Resources, EthnicDiversity, and Inclusive Growth in sub-Saharan Africa: A Mathematical Approach
    (Department of Mathematics, Prairie View A&M University, USA., 2021) Ayoade, A. A.; Adenuga, J. I.; Ajide, K. B.; Odeleye, A. T.
    The sub-Saharan African region is blessed with abundant natural resources and diverse ethnic groups, yet the region is dominated by the largest number of poor people worldwide due to inequitable distribution of national income. Existing statistics forecast decay in the quality of lives over the years compared to the continent of Asia that shares similar history with the region. In this paper, a five-dimensional first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation was formulated togiveinsightintovariousfactorsthatshapeddynamicsofinclusivegrowthinsub-SaharanAfrica. The validity test was performed based on ample mathematical theorems and the model was found tobevalid.Themodelwasthenstudiedqualitativelyandquantitativelyviastabilitytheoryofnonlinear differential equations which depended on the policy success ratio and classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme implemented in Maple, respectively. The results from the analysis showed that inclusive growth from abundant natural resources and ethnic diversity in sub-Saharan Africa was a function of policy reform whereby an increase in both equitable distribution of national income and accessibility of common man to the goods and services provided by the state to narrow inequality gap was accompanied with a low level of nepotism
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    Open Access
    Access Control Model for E-Health in a Cloud-Based Environment for HIV Patients in South Africa
    (IEEE, 2018) Azeez, N; Vyver, C.V
    Information about the rampant nature of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Africa, particularly South Africa is no more a news. There is a global awareness on this. In spite of the ubiquitous nature of this ailment, patients feel highly uncomfortable with the way and manner their sensitive and classified health information are being accessed and shared by different healthcare practitioners. HIV patients opined that information about them are vulnerable that people are using it against them. Although, the traditional security mechanisms have been adopted over the years to protect health data and patient information, researches have however shown that some of these approaches are suffering from several challenges such as platform dependency, isolation, cumbersomeness as well as inflexibility. Against these backdrops, this research aims at building a cloud-based access control model for sharing information across nine (9) provinces (The Eastern Cape, The Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, The Northern Cape, North West) in the Republic of South Africa among medical experts to ensure safety, security, reliability, dependability as well as flexile information sharing framework. This work is based on the adoption and usage of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) model, Access Control List (ACL) model and Motive Based Access Control (MBAC) model in a cloud-based environment. The implementation of the proposed framework will undoubtedly provide a unique and novel approach for achieving its primary aim and objectives.
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    Open Access
    Access Control Model for E-Health in a Cloud-Based Environment for HIV Patients in South Africa
    (IEEE, 2018) Azeez, N
    Information about the rampant nature of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Africa, particularly South Africa is no more a news. There is a global awareness on this. In spite of the ubiquitous nature of this ailment, patients feel highly uncomfortable with the way and manner their sensitive and classified health information are being accessed and shared by different healthcare practitioners. HIV patients opined that information about them are vulnerable that people are using it against them. Although, the traditional security mechanisms have been adopted over the years to protect health data and patient information, researches have however shown that some of these approaches are suffering from several challenges such as platform dependency, isolation, cumbersomeness as well as inflexibility. Against these backdrops, this research aims at building a cloud-based access control model for sharing information across nine (9) provinces (The Eastern Cape, The Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, The Northern Cape, North West) in the Republic of South Africa among medical experts to ensure safety, security, reliability, dependability as well as flexile information sharing framework. This work is based on the adoption and usage of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) model, Access Control List (ACL) model and Motive Based Access Control (MBAC) model in a cloud-based environment. The implementation of the proposed framework will undoubtedly provide a unique and novel approach for achieving its primary aim and objectives.
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    Open Access
    Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Fish Species in Ologe, Lagoon
    (Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia Campus, 2016) Ayoola, S. O.; Agoro, T. O
    Fish inhabiting a polluted aquatic ecosystem tend to accumulate heavy metals in their tissues. Generally, accumulation depends on metal concentration, time of exposure, way of metal uptake, environmental conditions and intrinsic factors. This study was to investigate the metal accumulation in Sarotherodon melanotheron and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from the water and sediments at Ologe Lagoon for period of six months (April – September, 2014). The physicochemical parameters were determined according to AOAC and heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The sequence of Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for Sarotherodon melanotheron: Cr > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu; while for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus: Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > Zn. The study showed that generally the metal concentration in the water and sediments bio accumulated in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Sarotherodon melanotheron are higher in Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd. While the Ni and Pb are less in the tissues and are regarded to be safe by WHO and FEPA. Fish at the Ologe Lagoon are still consumable though partially contaminated with slight increase in heavy metals influenced by anthropogenic activities. However, it is quite evident that there was bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish tissues and condition may get worse. Therefore, a regular monitoring of heavy metal levels in fishes is necessary.
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    Open Access
    Accumulation, tolerance and impact of aluminium, copper and zinc on growth and nitrate reductase activity of Ceratophyllum demersum (Hornwort)
    (Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India), 2008) Umebese, C. E.; Motajo, A. F.
    Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort) was subjected to toxic concentrations of Al (3 and 9 mg l -1), Zn (3 and 9 mg l -1) and Cu (2.5 and 7 mg l -1) in culture solutions for 15 days. The higher dose of Al enhanced the chlorophyll content significantly (p<0.05) in the first 6 days of treatment while other treatments caused marked reductions. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by Al, Cu and Zn toxicity and ceased completely in plants treated with Cu by the 6th day of treatment. Dry biomass and relative growth rate were reduced significantly (p<0.05) by metal treatment. Tolerance index of the plant was low for Cu (21.62 and 13.43% at low and high doses, respectively) and moderate for Zn (63.74 and 54.85%) and Al (72.83 and 68.79%). Accumulation of Al, Zn and Cu was threefold at higher doses compared with the lower doses but the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were very low indicating that this plant is not a hyper accumulator of these metals.
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    Open Access
    Activity activity of the crude extracts of Alafia bateri Oliver (Apocynaceae) and Chasmanthera dependens Hochst. (Menispermaceae)
    (National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, 2004) Adekunle, A.A.; Okoli, S. O.
    Texts attached
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    Open Access
    Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Profile of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Nymphaea lotus Linn (Nymphaeaceae) in Wistar Rats
    (Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 2015) Sharaibi, O. J.; Ogundipe, O.T.; Magbagbeola, O. A.; Kazeem, M. I.; Afolayan, A. J.
    Purpose: To evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of the aqueous leaf extract of Nymphaea lotus L in Wistar rats. Methods: Acute toxicity study was performed by administering a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extract to 5 rats while distilled water was given to another 5 rats (control), and the animals were observed for 14 days. Thereafter, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of the extract were administered to different groups of 5 rats each daily for 28 days while control received distilled water. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the serum obtained was used for the assessment of haematological and biochemical parameters. Histological examination was also performed on the liver and kidney of the rats. Results: The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (42.56 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (126.01 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (183.33 U/L) significantly decreased while creatinine (0.64mg/dL) and chloride ions (94.50 mmol/L) were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) compared to those of control following the extract treatment. Haematological parameters were not significantly different (p >0.05) from those of control except white blood cell count (7.80 × 109/L), lymphocytes (5.20 %) and monocytes (2.72 %) which were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the 100 and 200 mg/kg treated groups. Histopathology did not reveal any sign of lesions or pathological changes in the organs that could be attributed to treatment with the plant extract. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of Nymphaea lotus may be safe for use at the doses tested.
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    Open Access
    Acute and Sublethal toxicities of selected trace elements on the haematological profile of Clarias gariepinus
    (Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2020) Bawa-Allah, K.A; Awosanya, S.O; Saliu, J.K
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    Open Access
    Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of sublethal concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium tripolyphosphate against Clarias gariepinus (The African Sharptooth Catfish)
    (Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2020-06) Ogugba-Udume, F.C.; Sogbanmu, Temitope O.; Saliu, J.K.
    Personal care products (PCPs) are emerging pollutants which have been detected in aquatic environments and are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. The acute toxicity of two (2) PCPs - sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) to fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (the African Sharptooth Catfish) was evaluated over a period of 96 h. Furthermore, genotoxic (erythrocytic micronuclei frequencies) evaluations were conducted in juveniles of C. gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of the test chemicals over a period of 28 days. The median lethal concentration of SLS and STPP to C. gariepinus was 14.75 mg/L and 861 mg/L respectively with SLS being x59 more toxic than STPP to C. gariepinus. Micronuclei frequencies in SLS-exposed fishes were significantly higher (p<0.05) at day 14 (3.44±1.08 ‰) and day 28 (5.78±1.18 ‰) compared to the control (day 14- 0.78±0.22 ‰; day 28- 1.56±0.29 ‰). However, in STPP-exposed fishes, micronuclei frequencies were significantly higher (p<0.05) at day 28 (4.11±0.89 ‰) only compared to the control. The study showed that non-target aquatic animals such as C. gariepinus might be at risk from exposure to these chemicals in surface waters from diffuse sources with SLS posing a higher risk than STPP. Targeted environmental management and advocacies are recommended to promote sustainability of life below water (United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14).
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    Open Access
    Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of Engine Oil on Sarotherodon melanotheron.
    (International Digital Organization for Scientific Information, 2012) Ayoola, S. O.; Alajabo, O.T
    The lethal effects of engine oil effluent on Sarotherodon melanotheron was investigated using pathologic lesions in the gill, kidney and muscle. Five concentrations of 0.035, 0.07, 0.14, 0.21 and0.28 ml/l for 96hrs were used for the experiment. The randomized ANOVA for toxicity of the extract against S. melanotheron showed that there were significant differences in the test. The lethal concentration LC that caused 50% 50 mortality was approximately 1.12mg/l of the engine oil. Lesion observed in the gill epithelium exposed to at the different concentrations of the engine oil were dose dependent with the highest effluent concentration inducing the highest damages which include mild congestion, severe congestion and calcification of the gill. The Kidney tissues of S. melanotheron exposed to the engine oil effluents showed severe congestion, inflammation, cytoplasmic vacuolations which may have been due to glycolysis leading to microsomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. While the muscle tissues were normal even after the exposure. The entire test organism in the control showed inappreciable or no histologic degradation while their staining patterns and cellular arrangement remain unaffected. The result obtained showed that engine oil effluents pose a serious damage to S. melanotheron and was observed that acute concentration of engine oil effluents have histopathological effects on aquatic organisms. It can be deduced that indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluents into water bodies can induce damage to the tissue and organ, which might make the fish vulnerable to diseases and eventually lead to death of prominent edible species of the aquatic environment, Therefore there is need for the adoption of proper effluent treatment technology which would ensure proper treatment of industrial effluent and check the recurrence of oil spillage. Indiscriminate exposure of aquatic organisms to engine oil effluent should be discouraged.
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    Open Access
    Acute toxicity and histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia poissonii leaves
    (New Clues in Science, 2011) Ayoola, S. O.
    The lethal effect of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Euphorbia poissonii on Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. Five concentrations of each extract were tested. The concentrations for aqueous were; 20g/L, 40g/ L, 80g/L, 160g/L and 320g/L. The concentration for the ethanolic were; 0.01g/L,0.1g/L,1.0g/L,10.0g/L and 100g/L. The randomized ANOVA for toxicity of the extracts against Oreochromis niloticus showed that there were significant differences between all treatments (P< 0.05). The 96hours LC50 values of the aqueous and ethanolic leave extracts were 7.13g/L and 0.031g/L respectively. These results showed that the ethanolic extracts were more toxic than the aqueous extracts of Euphorbia poissonii. Histopathological effects were observed in the gill and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus in all concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Effects in the ethanolic extracts include generalized sub mucosal congestion and severe stunting of the secondary lamella in the gills and lesions on the muscles. The effect in the aqueous extracts includes degeneration of gills and necrosis on the muscle. It is also seen that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia poissonii have varying histopathological effects on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with increasing effects in higher concentration. The direct use of Euphorbia poissonii should be discouraged in a pond system except as a biological control to disinfect the pond from predators and it is to be used in low concentrations.