Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy- Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    Accessibility of Antimalarials in Secondary Health Care Facilities and Community Pharmacies in Lagos State – A Comparative Study
    (Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 2013) Soremekun, R.O; Ogunbanjo, O.A; Ogbo, P.U
    BackgroundThe attainment of the 6th Millennium Development Goal to halt and reverse the effects of malaria and other diseases by 2015 depends on the accessibility of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) which is now the first line antimalarial therapy for uncomplicated malaria. The main Objective of this study was to assess the availability and affordability of ACTs in Secondary Health Care (SHC) facilities in Lagos State and community pharmacies located within 200 meters of these facilities. Method Two SHC facilities each were randomly selected from four (4) geographical zones and the only one (1) in the fifth zone was selected, making a total of nine (9) facilities which were surveyed. The eleven (11) community pharmacies located within 200 meters of these health care facilities were also used for the study. A modified HAI was used for data collection on medicine price and availability was used for the study. Results: ACTs (artemisinin/lumefantrine) were prescribed 90% of the time as first line antimalarial. About thirty seven percent (37.5%) of the hospitals did not have the drug in stock at the time of visit and drugs had been out of stock for upward of three weeks. Private partnership pharmacies do not stock antimalarials as a matter of policy, since the drugs are supposed to be obtained free from the hospital. This first line antimalarial cost about six hundred and forty naira (N640) in the private community pharmacies. Conclusion: ACTs are not always available in the hospitals in Lagos State; patients therefore depend on community pharmacies and patent medicine stores for their ACT supply. Since 93.9% of Nigerians live in subjective poverty, the cost of first line ACT antimalarial remains unaffordable and inaccessible.
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    Open Access
    Adolescents and Young Adults knowledge, adherence and experiences while on antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria: a Mixed-Method Study
    (SAGE, 2021) Aderemi-Williams, R.I.; Razaq, A.R.; Abah, I.O.; Opanuga, O.O.; Akanmu, A.S.
    In Nigeria, there is a paucity of data on knowledge and experiences of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with HIV and ART, as well as their challenges maintaining optimal adherence. A mixed-method study was carried out between August and September 2018 among AYAs attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Data collection was via AYAs’ hospital records, standardized questionnaires, and in-depth interviews (IDIs). The 4-day ACTG tool was used to measure adherence. Collected data were analyzed descriptively. Assessment of 34 AYAs comprising 18 (52.9%) males with 28 (82.4%) students revealed an overall knowledge score about ART and its effect of 73.6%. Twenty-five (73.5%) had poor knowledge of the development of resistant strains of HIV due to non-adherence recorded. Optimal adherence (≥95%) was recorded in 20 (58.8%) AYAs. IDI produced 4 themes: (i) reasons for non-adherence, (ii) ensuring optimal adherence, (iii) Social support systems and disclosure, and (iv) stigmatization. Our study provided formative data and revealed areas for intervention to improve knowledge and adherence to ART.
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    Open Access
    Adverse drug reactions amongst adult patients admitted in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos, Nigeria
    (Bentham Science, 2015) Aderemi-Williams, R.I.; Awodele, O.; Boyle, C.A.
    BACKGROUND: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a global drug therapy problem. It has been rated as one of the top leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In Nigeria, not much is known about ADRs especially with the existing weak post marketing surveillance for monitoring drug use, and its effect on the population. OBJECTIVES: The study is aimed at determining the incidence of ADRs, presentations of ADRs, classes of drugs that frequently cause ADRs and predictors of ADRs in adult medical in-patients in LASUTH. METHOD: A retrospective study of six hundred and twenty four (624) case notes of all patients admitted to the medical wards in LASUTH between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2009 was carried out. Information obtained included age, gender, and adverse drug reaction and drug details. The results obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 624 case notes consisting of 358 males and 266 females were assessed. The number of patients who experienced adverse drug reactions was 67 (n = 624, 10.7%). The incidence rate of ADRs in LASUTH from the study was 10.7 per 100 patients' population. Most of the ADRs observed were type A reactions (97.8%). Mostly implicated classes of drugs were antidiabetics (26.7%) and NSAIDs (29.3%). CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of ADRs was 10.7%. ADRs which are predictable and preventable occur in hospitalized patients, such may be prevented or minimized by implementing measures to target specific drugs that are commonly suspected.
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    Open Access
    Anatomization of Mortality Trends in under-twelves in a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nigeria” A cross sectional Evaluation
    (2019) Ogbonna, B.O.; Adijeh, C.M.; Onwuchuluba, E. E.; Eze, U.I.H.; Onyeka, T.; Uzodinma, S.U.; Ofomata, P.C.; Iweh, M.I.; Ajagu, N.; Isidienu, C.P.; Ogbonna, A.C.; Ejim, C.E.
    Background: The childhood age group is a special population that needs critical and special care. The increase in death tolls in children globally, owing majorly to preventable and treatable causes and diseases is a burden and requires urgent and immediate attention and action to ensure sustainable progress towards achieving child survival goals. This study assessed the mortality pattern of under-12 and discussed the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study of 4 years which spanned from January 2014 to December 2017 was carried out on the records of dead children who were 12 years and below using the death register at the health care facility. The data were summarized with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 1004 under-12 deaths were recorded: 255, 218, 291, and 240 deaths occurred in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Children between ages 0-1 had the highest death record 819 (81.6%). A higher death rate was observed among male children 569.0 (56.5%) compared to female children 438.0 (43.5%). Diagnosed diseases that led to their death ranged from sepsis, birth asphyxia, malaria, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory/ pulmonary disorders, prematurity, anemia, and genetic disorders. Death due to sepsis, septicemia, and septic shock had the highest percentage with frequency and percentage prevalence of 159.0 (15.8%). while birth/perinatal/neonatal asphyxia, prematurity was high. Conclusion: Male children below one year were the most affected. Sepsis, septicemia, septic shock; prematurity/preterm, and Birth/perinatal/neonatal asphyxia, birth trauma, and seizures were the leading causes of death in the population. The highest death was recorded at the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU), and Children Emergency Room (CHER). Study suggests that the leading causes of death among children in this study are still prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa.
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    Open Access
    Antimalarial prescribing under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2014) Joda, A.E.; Ologunagba, M.O.
    Background: Malaria is still a dreaded disease in many developing countries. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) was adopted for malaria control as it offers better efficacy to previous chloroquine-based remedies. The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established to provide access to qualitative care at an affordable cost from different professional members of the healthcare team. Enrollees access care for approved health conditions in accredited facilities. Objectives: The objective was to document the antimalarial prescribing practices on prescriptions from NHIS-accredited medical facilities received in an NHIS-accredited community pharmacy in Lagos. Methods: A retrospective review of all the prescriptions received at the target NHIS-accredited pharmacy from four NHIS-accredited clinics over a 3-year period (2006-2008) was carried out using a modified WHO/INRUD prescribing indicator form. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p=0.05. Results were presented as frequency tables and charts. Results: About 51% of the prescriptions were for female patients. Over 60% of the prescriptions included an antimalarial. About 45% of the antimalarials prescribed was sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (syrups and tablets). The use of ACTs increased over the 3-year period from about 9% to about 46% mainly as Artesunate plus a sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine product. Conclusion: Most of the antimalarial prescriptions did not comply with the antimalarial treatment policy of the country. Continuing Medical Education programs are required to improve prescriber knowledge and practice. Supervision of facilities by NHIS officials to ensure sustainability and good health outcome is recommended.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of communication skills among Pharmacy students of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
    (J Basic Clin Pharm., 2011) Aina B.A; Ogunbiyi O.O
    BACKGROUND: Communication skill is the bridge between the pharmacists and the patient. Communication in health can contribute to all aspects of disease prevention and health promotion. In order to become successful pharmacists, one needs to possess excellent communication skills to serve clients. This study was conducted at the University of Lagos to assess communication skills of Pharmacy students. METHOD: The study was descriptive and cross sectional. It was carried out between May and July 2009. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The questionnaire had two sections - the bio data section and pre-formulated questions on communication skills which has three options and one of these is the best option. RESULTS: A total number of 125 respondents were involved in the study which included 25 students from 200level, 50 from 300level and 50 from 500 level. Majority of them were between 18-25 years old (89.6%). There were more females (71.2%) than males (28.8%). Also most of them were Christians (71.2%). Among the respondents, about 62% picked the best options as their answer while the rest picked other options. There was no statistical difference in the choice of best options between the different levels of study. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded from the results of this study that majority of Pharmacy Students at the University of Lagos had good communication skills and they will be able to discharge their duties as pharmacists when they eventually graduate.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of continuing professional development activities among pharmacists in Nigeria
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2017) Daniel-Ebune, E.O.; Joda, A.E.
    Background: Continuing Professional Development (CPD) was developed as formal lifelong learning systems with the aim of updating the knowledge and skills of professionals to meet continual challenge of maintaining competency in practice as professionals. No pharmacy school program can provide all the knowledge, skills and abilities that will be required during one's career as a pharmacist, therefore, the need for pharmacists to engage in CPD. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to document the CPD activities that pharmacists engage in, find out the reasons for engaging in such activities and determine their satisfaction or otherwise with the activities. Methods: The research was conducted using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire, self-administered to pharmacists who have participated in at least one module of the PCN-MCPD program. Descriptive analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results showed that 63.4% of respondents participated in other CPD activities apart from the PCN-MCPD program. Sixty-four percent attend PSN Conferences, 43% attend workplace organized trainings while 41% attend both the PSN Technical Group Conferences and Healthcare related trainings. Furthermore, 69% of the respondents were satisfied with their CPD activities while 35.4% were satisfied with the PCN-MCPD program. Conclusion: Pharmacists participate in CPD activities. However, they are more satisfied with the other CPD activities that they engage in than the PCN-MCPD programme. The PCN-MCPD programme should be restructured to recognize the other CPD activities that pharmacists engage in.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Pharmaceutical Care versus Traditional Pharmacy Practice in Ogun State Nigeria: Tracking System Dynamics
    (2019-06-28) Eze, U.; Ogbonna, B.; Aneto, M.; Orji, C.; Onwuchuluba, E.E.; Soni, J.; Akonoghrere, R.
    Background: Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of pharmacotherapy to achieve definite outcomes and improve patients’ quality of life. It is a departure from the traditional pharmacy practice to patients’ oriented care. This study assessed the provision of traditional pharmacy services versus pharmaceutical care among pharmacists. Methods: The study was a questionnaire based cross-sectional descriptive survey. Results: The mean ± Standard deviation for provision of pharmaceutical care was 3.27 ± 0.83 and a response rate was 62.8%. Only 12.0 (24.5%) of the pharmacists understood the true concept of pharmaceutical care while the rest had varying levels of partial understanding of the concept. Most of the pharmacists' years of qualification fell between 1 - 5 years 61.0 (55.5%). The majority of them were males 62.0 (56.4%).Conclusion: The majority of the pharmacists in the state engaged predominantly in the traditional pharmacy practice. Most of the respondents do not document their activities, an indication of non-practice of pharmaceutical care. The practice of pharmaceutical care based on key indicators used in the study is still largely undeveloped.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Pharmacy Students' Willingness to Practice after Graduation
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2011) Joda, A.E.; Nwaokomah, S.O.
    Background: Emigration of pharmacists is a problem in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: To identify if the tendency to emigrate (internal and external) is already determined during the undergraduate training. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the four faculties of pharmacy in Southwestern Nigeria. A sample of 200 to 400 Level students in the Faculty in Lagos was also surveyed. Pretested questionnaires with mainly Likert-type questions were administered to the target population. Results: It was found that an average 70% of final year students surveyed expressed a willingness to practice after graduation (74%, 54%, 75% and 76% in Unilag, UI, OAU and OOU respectively) while 55.3% of the Junior Undergrads expressed a willingness to practice the profession, post graduation. The results also revealed that the final year respondents believe that pharmacists in practice are not fulfilled (79%, 55%, 73% and 71% in Unilag, UI, OAU and OOU respectively). 23.3% of the Junior Undergraduates also have this belief Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that pharmacy students are willing to practice the profession after graduation either within or outside the country. The study recommends motivation of pharmacists and review of the academic curriculum.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Prescribing Pattern and Consumption of Selected Drugs at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH)
    (University of Lagos Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2017) Joda, A.E.; Ekpo, E.A.
    Background: Assessing the existing prescribing practices in a health facility is important as it helps to identify specific medicine use problems to be corrected for enhanced rational use of medicines. Objectives: The study aimed to describe current treatment practices using the World Health Organizations (WHO) core and other indicators, as well as document the consumption of analgesics, antibiotics and antihypertensive drugs at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was a descriptive, retrospective study of prescriptions filed in the out-patient pharmacy department from January to December 2015. Data was collected using an adapted WHO/INRUD (International Network on Rational Use of Drugs) prescribing indicator proforma and descriptive and inferential analysis were carried out as necessary using SPSS version 20.0. P-values of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: A total of 198 prescriptions and 676 drugs were assessed. The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.41, generic prescribing was 62% and proportion of prescribed drugs actually dispensed was 45%. Antihypertensives, analgesics and antibiotics made up 42%, 14% and 14% respectively of the 676 drugs prescribed. Conclusion: The prescribing pattern in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital is not in accordance with the required WHO/INRUD standard with polypharmacy, low generic prescribing and low proportion of drugs actually dispensed. An urgent need exists for interventions to improve rational drug use in the facility.
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    Open Access
    An Assessment of The Interchangeability of Generic Metronidazole Tablets Under Bio-Waiver Conditions.
    (The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 2917) Oyetunde, O.O; Akinleye, M.O; Amaeze, O.; Ogbo, P.U
    Background: Generic medicines significantly reduce the cost of medicines to governments and individuals. They are more affordable than innovator medicines and thus improve the availability of life-saving medicines in many resource-limited settings. A number of generic metronidazole formulations are available for substitution in practice. However, the interchangeability of the different generic versions with one another or with the reference product is not common knowledge to health practitioners. This study assessed the interchangeability of innovator brand of metronidazole tablets (Flagyl®) with some generic metronidazole tablets using the biowaiver criteria. Methods: Interchangeability of samples of metronidazole was assessed under biowaiver conditions, as approved for the industry by World Health Organization (WHO) and many regulatory bodies. Pharmacopeia methods were used to ascertain pharmaceutical equivalence. Dissolution profiles of metronidazole tablets at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8 were compared using the similarity factor, to establish in vitro bioequivalence. Results: The results showed that all metronidazole samples passed physicochemical assessments, while the innovator and five out of six generic samples passed the assay of drug content. All the brands of metronidazole assessed were rapidly dissolving (≥85% at 30 minutes) at pH 1.2 and pH 4.5 buffer but were not at pH 6.8 buffer. The dissolution profiles showed they were not superimposable. None of the generics assessed have a similarity factor greater than 50 in the three media, meaning they are not equivalent to the innovator based on their dissolution profiles. Conclusion: In vivo bioequivalence studies are required to ascertain therapeutic equivalence for these products. For Nigerian manufacturers to avail themselves of the cost-saving effect of biowaivers, design, and formulation of immediate-release generic formulation must factor in appropriate excipients.
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    Open Access
    Associated factors and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus in a secondary health facility in Lagos Nigeria.
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2016) Ayeni, F.A; Aina, B.A; Oyetunde, O.O; Adejumo, O.A
    Background: The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown by a growing body of evidence to be a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) and co-infected patients may show poor response to TB treatment as both diseases interact negatively. Objectives: This study is aimed at determining associated factors and comparing the treatment outcomes of TB patients living with and without DM in a secondary care TB treatment facility in Lagos state, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective review of patients records above 18 years' enrolled between 1st January 2011 and 31st December 2012 in a secondary care TB treatment facility in Lagos state was carried out. Results: A total of 424 records of TB patients were reviewed, out of which 36 (8.5%) had DM. Mean age of TBDM patients (50.0±12.8) was higher than for TB-only patients (34.1±13.8). Male: Female ratio of TBDM and TB only patients was comparable. All TBDM patients had pulmonary TB. Of these, proportion of smear negativity (72.2%) was significantly higher than TB only patients (34.9%, p <0.001). More TBDM patients (38.9%) compared to TB only patients (20.6%) had poor treatment outcomes (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of TBDM was substantial and it was associated with advanced age, smear negative sputum result and poor treatment outcomes. Concurrent management of both diseases should be considered to improve treatment outcomes.
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    Open Access
    Awareness and pattern of pentazocine use in patients with sickle cell disease in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos state, Nigeria
    (The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 2021) Ayeni, F.A; Ogbo, P.U; Onwuchuluba, E.E; Haruna, M.R
    Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder which leads to acute or chronic pain and thus requires the use of opioids and non-opioid medications. Pentazocine is a commonly used opioid among sickle cell patients for the management of moderate to severe pain. Patients understanding of the purpose and pattern of pentazocine use will encourage rational use and discourage misuse, especially outside the hospital setting. This study was set to assess the awareness and pattern of use of pentazocine among SCD patients. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire-based study conducted in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos State. A pretested questionnaire based on extant literature was employed to obtain patients sociodemographic data. Data was also obtained regarding prescribed medications, as well as patients' awareness and use of pentazocine. These data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, version 21.0. Results: Of the eighty respondents interviewed, most, 68 (85.0%) were single, 42 (52.5%) were females, and 50 (62.5%) had tertiary education. Mean age was 26.49 8.16 years. Commonly prescribed painkillers were Ibuprofen (31.4%), Paracetamol (28.9%), Diclofenac (26.9%) and Pentazocine (20.0%). Less than half, 32 (40%) were aware of pentazocine use in managing moderate to severe pain. Of these, 16 (50%) used it outside the clinic. 56.3% of those who used pentazocine outside the clinics used it because they had “unbearable pain”. There was a significant association between age and Pentazocine awareness (p = 0.02) but not use (p = 0.54). Respondents aged 21-30 years had better awareness of Pentazocine use compared to other age groups. Conclusion: The awareness of pentazocine use among SCD patients in the two centers studied in Lagos, Nigeria was found to be inadequate despite its wide spread use outside the clinic without clinicians' supervision. Proper education on disease condition and its management should be encouraged among SCD patients to encourage appropriate use of pentazocine, as well as other analgesics used in the management of SCD and discourage misuse.
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    Awareness and pattern of pentazocine use in patients with sickle cell disease in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos state, Nigeria
    (Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 2021) Ayeni, F.A; Ogbo, P.U; Onwuchuluba, E.E; Haruna, M.R
    Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder which leads to acute or chronic pain and thus requires the use of opioids and non-opioid medications. Pentazocine is a commonly used opioid among sickle cell patients for the management of moderate to severe pain. Patients understanding of the purpose and pattern of pentazocine use will encourage rational use and discourage misuse, especially outside the hospital setting. This study was set to assess the awareness and pattern of use of pentazocine among SCD patients. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire-based study conducted in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos State. A pretested questionnaire based on extant literature was employed to obtain patients sociodemographic data. Data was also obtained regarding prescribed medications, as well as patients' awareness and use of pentazocine. These data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, version 21.0. Results: Of the eighty respondents interviewed, most, 68 (85.0%) were single, 42 (52.5%) were females, and 50 (62.5%) had tertiary education. Mean age was 26.49 8.16 years. Commonly prescribed painkillers were Ibuprofen (31.4%), Paracetamol (28.9%), Diclofenac (26.9%) and Pentazocine (20.0%). Less than half, 32 (40%) were aware of pentazocine use in managing moderate to severe pain. Of these, 16 (50%) used it outside the clinic. 56.3% of those who used pentazocine outside the clinics used it because they had “unbearable pain”. There was a significant association between age and Pentazocine awareness (p = 0.02) but not use (p = 0.54). Respondents aged 21-30 years had better awareness of Pentazocine use compared to other age groups. Conclusion: The awareness of pentazocine use among SCD patients in the two centers studied in Lagos, Nigeria was found to be inadequate despite its wide spread use outside the clinic without clinicians' supervision. Proper education on disease condition and its management should be encouraged among SCD patients to encourage appropriate use of pentazocine, as well as other analgesics used in the management of SCD and discourage misuse.
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    Open Access
    Awareness and pattern of pentazocine use in patients with sickle cell disease in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos state, Nigeria
    (2021-08-14) Ayeni, F.A.; Ogbo, P.U.; Onwuchuluba, E.E.; Haruna, M.
    Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder which leads to acute or chronic pain and thus requires the use of opioids and non-opioid medications. Pentazocine is a commonly used opioid among sickle cell patients for the management of moderate to severe pain. Patients understanding of the purpose and pattern of pentazocine use will encourage rational use and discourage misuse, especially outside the hospital setting. This study was set to assess the awareness and pattern of use of pentazocine among SCD patients. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire-based study conducted in two sickle cell clinics in Lagos State. A pretested questionnaire based on extant literature was employed to obtain patients sociodemographic data. Data was also obtained regarding prescribed medications, as well as patients' awareness and use of pentazocine. These data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, version 21.0. Results: Of the eighty respondents interviewed, most, 68 (85.0%) were single, 42 (52.5%) were females, and 50 (62.5%) had tertiary education. Mean age was 26.49 8.16 years. Commonly prescribed painkillers were Ibuprofen (31.4%), Paracetamol (28.9%), Diclofenac (26.9%) and Pentazocine (20.0%). Less than half, 32 (40%) were aware of pentazocine use in managing moderate to severe pain. Of these, 16 (50%) used it outside the clinic. 56.3% of those who used pentazocine outside the clinics used it because they had “unbearable pain”. There was a significant association between age and Pentazocine awareness (p = 0.02) but not use (p = 0.54). Respondents aged 21-30 years had better awareness of Pentazocine use compared to other age groups. Conclusion: The awareness of pentazocine use among SCD patients in the two centers studied in Lagos, Nigeria was found to be inadequate despite its wide spread use outside the clinic without clinicians' supervision. Proper education on disease condition and its management should be encouraged among SCD patients to encourage appropriate use of pentazocine, as well as other analgesics used in the management of SCD and discourage misuse.
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    Open Access
    Care Seeking Pattern, Knowledge and Response of Caregivers to Childhood Diarrhoea in a Sub-urban Community in Lagos, Nigeria.
    (Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research, 2019) Ogbo, P.U; Soremekun, R.O; Aina, B.A
    Background Diarrhoea remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years old in spite of availability of effective treatment. Families and communities have been identified as key stakeholders to the improvement of child survival in diarrhoea. Objective This study was set to determine caregivers’ knowledge and response to diarrhoea within the first 24 hours, evaluate their care-seeking pattern and identify determinants of response. Method A descriptive cross-sectional survey of 1,236 caregivers of children under five years was carried out in a sub-urban community in Lagos. Pretested, structured questionnaire was administered to caregivers whose children had experienced diarrhoea within one month of survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0. Results The mean age of caregivers was 30.2 years ±5.305 with 1,201 (97.2%) being biological mothers of the children. Majority, 848 (68.6%) correctly recognized diarrhoea as passage of three or more watery stools within a 24-hour period. Knowledge of correct cause of diarrhoea was poor (332; 26.8%) and 797 (64.5%) perceived diarrhoea as a serious condition. While 48.9% opted for home treatment, 35.3% offered no care to the child. Only 119 (9.9%) respondents sort care in government health facilities. Conclusion Majority of caregivers kept the child at home either treating them or not rendering care. Care seeking at government health facilities was low. Age category of child, educational status of caregiver, number of children being cared for by caregiver and overall knowledge of diarrhoea were significantly associated with response within the first 24 hours.
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    Open Access
    Challenges to documentation among Community Pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria
    (Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2019) Aina B.A; Okoye N.V; Joda A.E.
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    Cigarette smoking among healthcare professional students of University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria
    (Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2009-01) Aina, B.A.; Oyerinde, O.O.; Joda, A.E.; Oyetunde, O.O.
    Background: It is a known fact that health professionals can play a critical role in reducing tobacco use. In fact, it has been shown that even brief and simple advice from health care professionals can substantially increase smoking cessation rates. Students in healthcare professions are future healthcare professionals, identifying and documenting their knowledge, attitudes and practices with regards to tobacco smoking would shed light as to their future effectiveness in providing this much needed public health initiative in their practices. Objective: This research was carried out to determine cigarette smoking habit among healthcare professional students of University of Lagos and Nursing students of Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Data was collected by the use of a structured, self administered questionnaire which was aimed at determining their smoking status and their attitudes. The target population was first and final professional year students representing the two class extremes and attempt was made to survey all the students that fell within this identified target population without randomization. Data was collected between March and June 2007 Results: Out of 814 qualified participants, 433 responded to the questionnaire (53%). Smoking prevalence was highest among dental students (8.48%) while both Physiotherapy and Nursing students had nil prevalence rates. Overall, the current smoking prevalence was 3.93%. There was no statistically significant difference between the smoking habits of first year and final year students (p= 0.99). Based on Fagerstrom nicotine addiction test, only a small proportion of the current smokers can be classified as being maximally addicted (6.0%). Conclusions: From this study it can be concluded that smoking prevalence is low among healthcare professional students at the University of Lagos and this is a good indication that they would play critical role in reducing tobacco use. It is recommended that a tobacco counselling unit should be set up by the school authorities.
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    Open Access
    Clients’ Perception of Community Pharmacists’ services in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    (West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2017) Aderemi-Williams, R.I.; Igwe, C.N; Soremekun, R.O
    Background Client satisfaction has become an important and commonly used indicator for measuring quality in health care. There is paucity of data with regards clients’ satisfaction with community pharmacy practice in Nigeria. Objectives This study objectives included assessing clients’ perception and knowledge of pharmacists, their professional services and their satisfaction with these services. In addition, the factors contributing to their satisfaction were assessed. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2014 and February 2015, involving clients visiting community pharmacies in Owerri city, Imo state, Nigeria using self-administered questionnaire. Clients’ knowledge, perception and satisfaction with services provided by community pharmacists were assessed. Factors associated with clients’ satisfaction were analyzed using Chi-square. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant Results The response rate to the 422 questionnaires distributed was 91.0% (384). A little above half (194, 50.5%) of the clients were males. Less than half (40.6%) of the clients could correctly identify the roles of community pharmacists. Generally, respondents indicated a high (317, 82.6%) level of overall satisfaction with the services provided by community pharmacists. Deficiencies that exist in attitude of the pharmacist left reported by the clients. Significant associations were found between clients’ satisfaction and availability of drugs (p=0.025) and all the items on pharmaceutical care services rendered by pharmacists (p<0.05). Conclusion Clients visiting community pharmacies in Owerri have a positive perception of the services provided by pharmacists. Ensuring that the drug needs of clients are met and provision of comprehensive pharmaceutical care have been identified as possible key factors that ensures patient satisfaction.
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    Open Access
    Community pharmacies as possible centres for routine immunization
    (AJOL, 2007) Aderemi-Williams, R.I.; Igwilo, C.I.
    Background: Nigeria has embraced the primary healthcare movement and has committed its resources to the provision of cost effective community based primary healthcare strategy which recognizes the need for effective partnership between public and private sector1. Immunizations are important part of this effort, especially the provision of the vaccines incorporated into the national Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) which has now metamorphosis to National Programme on Immunization (NPI) due to decline in immunization coverage. Community pharmacies can be involved in immunization to improve coverage as has been shown in the United States of America (U.S.A) that this led to great improvement in immunization coverage2, 3. The need to find out if this can also be adopted in Nigeria is the objective of this work. Objectives: This study therefore aimed to have an insight into current interest of community pharmacists to be involved in routine immunization and assess their physical structures for possible adaptation for use in routine immunization. Method: Sixty (60) pre-tested questionnaires were randomly administered to community pharmacists. Forty-three (43) questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. Results: The study revealed that the use of community pharmacies as places where routine immunization services can be provided is feasible as shown by 95.3% interest expressed by community pharmacists. Most of the required infrastructures to carry out these services are on the ground as shown by availability of adequate space (88.4%), stand-by generator (83.7%) and functional fridge/freezer (95.3%). Community pharmacists (88.4%) expect to be remunerated for providing this service. Conclusion: This study has shown the willingness of community pharmacists to participate in immunization efforts and the possibility of using pharmacies in routine immunization.