Pharmacognosy- Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    Antiproliferative Potential of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae) against Human Melanoma and Ovarian Cancer Cells
    (Natural Products Research Group, University of Benin, 2024-04-01) Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Oyawaluja, A.A.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Odukoya, O.A.; Che, C-T.
    In ethnomedicine, Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae) is used to massage abscessed gums and manage pain. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of leaves of M. guineensis against human ovarian (OVCAR3) and melanoma (MDA-MB-435) skin cancer cells. Crude ethanol extract and fractions of M. guineensis leaves were evaluated for antiproliferative effect on OVCAR3 and MDA-MB-435 cells using cell viability assay at 2 and 20 µg/ml. In addition, the inhibitory effect of extract and fractions on nitric oxide (NO) production with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (Greiss assay) on murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) at 0.3125 – 10 µg/ml was evaluated. Cell viability was evaluated using murine macrophage cells while toxicity assessment was done on Vero cells. Antiproliferative activity profile (% cell death) of extract and fractions followed the order: butanol (30% and 23%) > aqueous (28% and 21%) > ethyl acetate (22% and 19%) > crude (22% and 0%) at 20 μg/ml in OVCAR3 and MDA MB-435 cell lines respectively. Percentage NO inhibitory activity showed hexane fraction with the highest activity and aqueous fraction with the least activity at 10 μg/ml. Extract and fractions were less toxic in Vero cells when compared to the standard drug, Tamoxifen. Toxicity assessment using murine macrophage cells showed no significant difference in cell viability when compared to standard. Results indicate antiproliferative potential, NO inhibitory potential and safety of crude ethanol leaf extract and fractions of M. guineensis.
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    Open Access
    Anti-oxidant and In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extract of The Leaf of Nephrolepis Exaltata (L.) Schott. (Nephrolepidaceae)
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria, 2023-12-01) Oyawaluja, A.A.; Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Odukoya, O.A.; Bello, N.B.; Samuel T.A.
    Diabetes is one of the non-communicable diseases growing rapidly worldwide with increasing prevalence in children adolescence and young adults. The study of alpha–amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of agents provides an insight of their possible antidiabetic properties. The enzymes α–amylase and α-glucosidase are responsible for postprandial glucose levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and inhibitory potentials of the ethanol leaf extract of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. (Nephrolepidaceae) against α–amylase and α glucosidase in vitro. DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay were used to assess the antioxidant assay of N. exaltata using ascorbic acid as standard. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, saponins and carbohydrate. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH assay was 5.83 μg/ml and 0.04 μg/ml for anti-lipid peroxidation assay were obtained for the radical scavenging activities, while IC50 of 0.05 μg/ml and 0.03 μg/ml were obtained for the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay respectively. The ethanol leaf extract of Nephrolepis exaltata possesses antioxidant activities useful and inhibited α-amylase and α–glucosidase which are responsible for postprandial glucose levels.
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    Open Access
    Antimalarial and Antioxidant Potentials of Extract and Fractions of Aerial Part of Borreria ocymoides DC (Rubiaceae)
    (PhCOGNET, 2017) Adesegun, S.A.; Orabueze, C.I.; Coker, H.A.
    Introduction: Borreria ocymoides(Burm F) DC is a weak, erect and decumbent herb that has several folkloric, ethno medicinal uses and is included in antimalarial preparations by some traditional healers. It is also used in treatment of ring worm, eczema and microbial infections. Objectives: To evaluate antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Borreria ocymoidesin Plasmodium bergheiinfected mice and to investigate their antioxidant activity using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile (DPPH). Methods:The methanol extract of aerial part of B. ocymoidesand the solvent fractions obtained from partition between organic solvents were assessed for antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium bergheiNK65 infected mice using the suppressive and curative test procedures. Chloroquine (10 mg/ml) was used as positive control. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging ability and determination of total phenolic content. Results:The crude extract (250 and 500 mg kg-1) produced a dose dependent anti-plasmodial activity in the suppressive and curative tests. The chemo suppression activity was best in the ethyl acetate fraction (87.31%) and in the order ethyl acetate >dichloromethane > hexane > aqueous fraction. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased with concentration. The antioxidant activity was less than ascorbic acid used as positive control. Oral administration up to 5 g/kg produced no noticeable deleterious effect 24 hours after dosing and up to 7 days afterwards. Conclusion:The results indicated that the extract has a potent anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei and the activity seems to reside in the mid-polar fractions. Thus, the plant is a potential source of new antimalarial agents.
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    Open Access
    Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract and Fractions of the Root Bark of Callichilia stenopetala Stapf. (Family Apocynaceae) In Mice
    (Natural Product Research Group, University of Benin., 2017) Orabueze, C.I.; Adesegun, S.A.; Coker, H.A
    The root of Callichilia stenopetala is used as chewing stick in the treatment of toothache and for oral hygiene in South-East Nigeria. The study assessed the antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of methanol root bark extract and fractions of C. stenopetala. Analgesic activity of methanol root bark extract of C. stenopetala and its fractions were evaluated using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate and tail immersion) tests in mice. Morphine sulphate, acetyl salicylic acid and diclofenac sodium at 4, 100 and 10 mg kg-1, respectively were used as standards. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) assays. Oral acute toxicity was also evaluated. The extract (250 and 500 mg kg-1), ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (200 mg kg-1) reduced acetic acid-induced writhing with percentage reduction of 65.14, 84.06, 93.27 and 50.63 %, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract at 500 mg kg-1 significantly increased reaction times in tail immersion and hot plate tests. The formalin test results for the ethyl acetate fraction suggested involvement of central mechanism of pain inhibition. In DPPH scavenging assay and TPC, the extract showed good antioxidant potential, with most of the activity prominent in the polar fractions. At 8000 mg kg-1 no death of animal occurred. These findings suggested that C. stenopetala has pain alleviating effect which may be due to its antioxidant activity and this further substantiated the claimed traditional use of the plant in the management of acute toothache.
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    Open Access
    Antioxidant and In-vitro Antidiabetic Activities of Fermented Peels of Citrus x Sinensis (l.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)
    (Sami Publishing Company/Iranian Chemical Science and Technologies Association, 2021-12-24) Oyawaluja, A. A.; Oiseoghaede, J. O.; Odukoya, O. A.; Kubiat, B. E.
    Introduction: The various parts of Citrus sinensis plant have been employed over the years for medicinal purposes. As part of the concept of waste to wealth, the medicinal importance of the peels was exploited. This study aimed at determining the antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activities of fermented peel extracts of C. sinensis. Method: Fermentation of the peels was carried out, and phytochemical tests were done. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, anti-lipid peroxidation and Antidiabetic assay method were performed in vitro using standard procedures. Results: C. sinensis were rich in polyphenols and reducing sugars. Radical scavenging assay showed an IC50 of 0.57μg/ml and 1.60μg/ml for fresh peels and dried peels respectively for DPPH assay, and 0.67μg/ml (fresh) and 0.72μg/ml (dried) for anti-lipid peroxidation assay. The α-amylase inhibition assay showed that the fermented fresh peels and fermented dried peels had IC50 values of 2.23μg/ml and 2.73μg/ml respectively. The α-glucosidase assay showed better inhibition by the extracts. Fermented fresh and dried peels had IC50 values of 0.03μg/ml and 0.03μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Fermented fresh peels of C. sinensis expressed relatively stronger protection in the antioxidant and antidiabetic assays than the fermented dried peels. This study revealed that extracts can be considered as an important addition to the therapeutic management for diabetes.