Pharmacognosy- Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    Isolation and characterization of compounds from Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)
    (West African Journal of Pharmacy/West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacy, 2025-03-31) Oyawaluja, A.A.; Oyawaluja, B.O.; Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Odukoya, O.A.
    Background: Argemone mexicana is used as emetic, demulcent, and laxative in folkloric medicine. This study aimed at isolating the chemical compounds and exploring the PPAR modulatory effects of isolated phytochemicals. Objective: The study was carried out to isolate the chemical compounds and to explore the PPAR modulatory effects of the isolated phytochemicals. Method: The leaves were collected, authenticated, and voucher specimen deposited at the University of Lagos herbarium, Nigeria. The leaves extracted with ethanol and extracts subjected to column chromatography on sephadex LH-20 and Silica gel. Structure lucidation were achieved by analyses of their 1-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional NMR. Reporter gene assay were performed on the extracts and isolated compounds for activation of PPARα and PPARγ. Result: Nine compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the plant, and were proposed to be: 1(1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazone), 2a((Z)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene) acetic acid), 2b(cis-3,6-dihydroxy-a-ionone), 3((E)-4-(r-1’,t-2’,c-4’-trihydroxy-2’,6’,6’- trimethylcyclohexyl) but-3-en-2-one), 4(Rhein), 5(Tamarexetin), 6(41-methoxylquercetin 3-β-D-glucoside), (Tamarixetin-3-O-β-D- robinoside) and 8(Palmitic acid). The extracts were found to activate PPARα with a fold induction of more than 2.0 over the vehicle control but a lower induction was observed with PPARα. The isolated compounds showed lower activation of PPARα and PPARγ. Conclusion: Three flavonoids, palmitic acid, Rhein, a triazole and three substituted cyclohexane were isolated, while the extract showed PPARα activation, the isolated compounds did not. These effect might be due to the synergistic effect of the constituents, thus the extract has more promising effect.
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    Open Access
    Sub-acute toxicity of ethanol extract of Motandra paniculata (Poir) I.M. Turner (Apocynaceae) leaves in rats and antiproliferative activity of its bioactive compounds
    (Pharmacological Research-Natural Products/Elsevier, 2025-07-02) Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Odukoya, O.A.; Onyekere, P.F.; Che, C-T.
    Motandra paniculata (Poir.) I.M. Turner (Apocynaceae) is used traditionally in Africa and Nigeria to manage abscesses and abnormal growths. However, the bioactive constituents responsible and its toxicity profile are unknown. The aim was to isolate and characterise bioactive chemical compounds from M. paniculata dried leaves, assess its antiproliferative activity on ovarian cancer and skin melanoma cell lines as well as determine the sub-acute toxicity profile of crude ethanol leaf extract (EEMP) of the plant. Chromatographic and spectro scopic techniques were employed to isolate and characterise compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of the M. paniculata (MPEA). The antiproliferative activity (IC50) of the isolated compounds was evaluated on ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) and melanoma (MDA-MB-435) cells using proliferation assays, as well as a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells. Lethality of EEMP on brine shrimp nauplii was carried out. Sub-acute toxicity profile of EEMP (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. Biochemical, haematological, histopatho logical and antioxidant parameters were obtained from blood and tissue samples of the animals. Five megastigmane-type terpenes (1–5) and a phenolpropane (6) were isolated from the plant for the first time. Compounds 1 - 4 displayed modest antiproliferative activity on OVCAR-3 and MDA-MB-435. Toxicity resulted in vascular congestion in kidney and brain rat tissues on oral administration of high doses of EEMP. EEMP displayed dose-dependent short-term toxicity in rats while compounds isolated from MPEA exhibited antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells.
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of Sarcocephalus latifolius Afzel. ex R.Br. Rubiaceae on Reduction of Creatinine Level and Its Antioxidant In-Vitro
    (Universitas Muhammadiyah, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2024-08-30) Obika, O.I.; Oyawaluja, A.A.; Odukoya, O.A.; Obika-Ndiri, N.A.; Oiseoghaede, J.O.
    Medicinal herbs are divine gifts from Mother Nature and have been used for centuries as natural remedies. Sarcocephalus latifolius has been reported to contain active substances that have therapeutic effects on the kidney. The study aims to investigate the medicinal effects of Sarcocephalus latifolius extract on creatinine levels. Phytochemical and antioxidant activity were carried out using standard methods. Vacuum Liquid chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography were employed to separate constituents of the plant extract, which were then evaluated for their creatinine reduction ability using Jaffe’s method. Based on the IC50, which is half the maximal inhibitory concentration value, Sarcocephalus latifolius demonstrates stronger antioxidant activity at 43.34µg/ml compared to the standard ascorbic acid at 40.59µg/ml. The Two-way ANOVA Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the patients’ urine (rows) as the P-value = 6.17×10-16 is less than 0.05 significant level, and the dose treatments (columns) as the P-value = 1.71×10-12 is less than 0.05 significant level. Fractions of Sarcocephalus latifolius at various concentrations exhibit varied effects on creatinine levels, which could be attributed to the bioactive compounds in the fractions. Sarcocephalus latifolius showed potential for creatinine reduction, especially at low doses.
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    Open Access
    Antiproliferative Potential of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae) against Human Melanoma and Ovarian Cancer Cells
    (Natural Products Research Group, University of Benin, 2024-04-01) Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Oyawaluja, A.A.; Sowemimo, A.A.; Odukoya, O.A.; Che, C-T.
    In ethnomedicine, Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae) is used to massage abscessed gums and manage pain. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of leaves of M. guineensis against human ovarian (OVCAR3) and melanoma (MDA-MB-435) skin cancer cells. Crude ethanol extract and fractions of M. guineensis leaves were evaluated for antiproliferative effect on OVCAR3 and MDA-MB-435 cells using cell viability assay at 2 and 20 µg/ml. In addition, the inhibitory effect of extract and fractions on nitric oxide (NO) production with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (Greiss assay) on murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) at 0.3125 – 10 µg/ml was evaluated. Cell viability was evaluated using murine macrophage cells while toxicity assessment was done on Vero cells. Antiproliferative activity profile (% cell death) of extract and fractions followed the order: butanol (30% and 23%) > aqueous (28% and 21%) > ethyl acetate (22% and 19%) > crude (22% and 0%) at 20 μg/ml in OVCAR3 and MDA MB-435 cell lines respectively. Percentage NO inhibitory activity showed hexane fraction with the highest activity and aqueous fraction with the least activity at 10 μg/ml. Extract and fractions were less toxic in Vero cells when compared to the standard drug, Tamoxifen. Toxicity assessment using murine macrophage cells showed no significant difference in cell viability when compared to standard. Results indicate antiproliferative potential, NO inhibitory potential and safety of crude ethanol leaf extract and fractions of M. guineensis.
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    Open Access
    Anti-oxidant and In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extract of The Leaf of Nephrolepis Exaltata (L.) Schott. (Nephrolepidaceae)
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria, 2023-12-01) Oyawaluja, A.A.; Oiseoghaede, J.O.; Odukoya, O.A.; Bello, N.B.; Samuel T.A.
    Diabetes is one of the non-communicable diseases growing rapidly worldwide with increasing prevalence in children adolescence and young adults. The study of alpha–amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of agents provides an insight of their possible antidiabetic properties. The enzymes α–amylase and α-glucosidase are responsible for postprandial glucose levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and inhibitory potentials of the ethanol leaf extract of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. (Nephrolepidaceae) against α–amylase and α glucosidase in vitro. DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay were used to assess the antioxidant assay of N. exaltata using ascorbic acid as standard. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, saponins and carbohydrate. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH assay was 5.83 μg/ml and 0.04 μg/ml for anti-lipid peroxidation assay were obtained for the radical scavenging activities, while IC50 of 0.05 μg/ml and 0.03 μg/ml were obtained for the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay respectively. The ethanol leaf extract of Nephrolepis exaltata possesses antioxidant activities useful and inhibited α-amylase and α–glucosidase which are responsible for postprandial glucose levels.