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- ItemOpen AccessDevelopment of energy benchmarking protocol for commercial banks, Lagos state, Nigeria(Routledge Taylor & Francis, 201-09-26) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Babatunde, O.M.; Ayegbajeje, A.E.Energy consumption is a central factor taken into consideration as far as management decisions are concerned in any firm and the same goes for the banking industry. More importantly is the extent to which firms consume energy efficiently. In the light of this, this study investigates the energy benchmarking of 50 commercial bank branches in Lagos. With the aid of questionnaires and by observation and consultation with the staff of the selected bank branches, data were collected on the energy use as well as several other variables that influence energy use intensity. An energy use intensity model was estimated using the fixed, random and pooled ordinary least square specifications and the predicted energy use intensity was constructed. Armed with the observed and predicted energy use intensities, an absolute benchmarking was conducted while a relative benchmarking was also conducted with the aid of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. The results of the regression analysis revealed a maximum of 60% of the branches of banks are energy efficient. However, the results of the DEA suggest that only a single branch of the 50 sampled branches was energy efficient while the other banks fell below the energy efficiency frontier with some banks performing relatively poorer than the others.
- ItemOpen AccessUse of Microcomputers in Monitoring Instruments, Data Acquisition, Analysis and Control(Microprocessors and Microsystems, 1983) Barron, R; Akinola, A. A.; Reid, DThe microprocessor is ideally suited to automating the collection of data, the control of processes and the measurement of important parameters in industry. A number of applications are presented here, where development and research work is carried out using a microcomputer made up of a ZSO microprocessor with additional circuit boards. The applications are in the areas of data acquisition, control and measurement of variables.
- ItemOpen AccessHydrogeology of Lagos metropolis(Pergamons Journal Ltd, 1987) Longe, E.O.; Malomo, S.; Olorunniwo, M.A.A study of the groundwater resources and aquifers underlying Lagos metropolis has been made. This is based on well-logs, pumping tests, well-production and water quality data. The data were obtained during construction and use of recent boreholes of the Lagos State mini water works programme. The sub-surface geology indicates a complex lithology of alternating sequence of sand and clay deposits. Three aquifer horizons were delineated. The first, a water table aquifer (average thickness of 8 m) is mostly exploited through dug wells. The other two, confined aquifers (thicknesses of 10-25 and 10-35m respectively), are harnessed through boreholes and are the basis of the mini water works. Average values of transmissivity (T) and storage coefficients (S) are 3.53 x 10-3 m2 s-1 and 2.95 x 10-4 respectively for the second and 17.44 × 10-3 m2 s-1 and 3.29 x 10-4 for the third. The range of transmissivity, the storage coefficient and also permeability indicate considerable inhomogeneity in the aquifers. Chemical quality determinations show that the harnessed aquifers waters are generally soft. They are suitable for use in domestic, agricultural and industrial processes, if the excessive iron occurring is removed.
- ItemOpen AccessDetermination Of Some Structural Properties Of African Oil Palm Timber (ELAIES GUINEENSIS)(1989) Ajibola, K; Falade, FOil palm trees are abundant in Nigeria but they are hardly used for structural purposes, except in some rural areas where they are used as roof trusses, floor joists and occassionally columns.' In this paper tensile strength along the grain direction, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the grain direction and the bending strength are reported on The strength of the inner and outer core materials are compared. The results showed that the outer core of oil palm timber has higher strength than the inner core and that the strength of the palm is influenced by the closeness of the black strands. The highest recorded compressive strength parallel to the grain direction is 1.32 times- the strength perpendicular to the grain direction for the specimen taken from inner core and 2~37times for the specimen taken from peripheral.
- ItemOpen AccessTechniques of land treatment of domestic wastewater and protection of underground water resources(Nigeria Association of Hydrogeologists, 1989) Longe, E.O.; Brissaud, F; Joseph, CMany people both in developed and developing countries use septic tank systems as means of treating their domestic wastes. Pit latrine systems are much in use in many rural areas of the developing countries where, in most cases, water supplies are by dug wells. Domestic wastes contain dangerous substances and pathogenic microorganisms which are responsible for waterborne diseases. Land disposal and treatment systems of domestic wastes appear as the solution to disposal problems in developing countries. These techniques are relatively simple and could be well adapted in any system under appropriate environmental and hydrogeological conditions. Other advantages include relatively low capital and operating costs.
- ItemOpen AccessEffects Of Sawdust Ash On The Strength Of Laterized Concrete.(1990-01) Falade, F.The construction industry in Nigeria is presently operating at a low ebb due mainly to the high cost of construction materials. The use of local materials has been advocated as a step towards solving this problem. This paper considered the use of sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial replacement of cement in laterized concrete.Compressive strength tests of samples made from mix proportions 1:1.5: 3,1 :2:4 and 1:3:6 at various curing ages (7,14,21 and 28 days) for varying SDA content (0,5,10,15,20 and 25%) but at constant water/cement SDA ratio for each mix proportion were considered. It was found that the addition of SDA decreases the strength. The rate of gain of strength, however, was more rapid at curing ages of 21 and 28 days, especially in the mixtures with high percentages of SDA. Strength development was also found to be higher for mixes with lower aggregate/cement ratios than for those with higher ratios.
- ItemOpen AccessInfluence of Method and Duration of Curing and of Mix Proportions on Strength of Concrete Containing Laterite Fine Aggregate(1991 Pergamon Press PLC., 1991) Falade, F.This this paper, the influence of six curing methods (water, air, moist soil, jute bag, air/water and water/air) on the compressive strength of concrete cube specimens that contain laterite fine aggregate is investigated. Three different mixes of cement, laterite and gravel were used: I : 11: 3 ;I: 2: 4 and I : 3: 6 with water/cement ratios of 0.62, 0.75 and 1.02 by weight respectively. Four curing ages of 7, 14,21 and 28 days were adopted. The results showed that the strength that a particular mix can attain is affected by the curing method used. The water/air curing technique gave the highest strength values of28.2 Nmm: +for 1 : 11: 3; 23.9 Nmm: 2 and 17.4 Nmrn: 2 for I : 2: 4 and I : 3 : 6 mixes respectively, while the air-cured specimens gave the lowest strength values of 17.2 Nmm=i for I: 1~:3, 16.8 Nmmr ? and 8.0 Nmmr= for 1 :2:4 and I :3:6 mixes. The higher the cement/aggregate ratio the higher the strength. Generally, there was increase in strength with age irrespective of the mix and the curing technique.
- ItemOpen AccessBehaviour of Laterized Concrete Beams under Moment and Shear(1991) Falade, FThe science and technique of substituting laterite for fine aggregate ill normal concrete work is rapidly increasing ill Nigeria. Studies Oil laterized concrete elements have been devoted primarily to observation under unit actions like the cube strength, split tensile strength, modulus 0/ rupture and creep characteristics. The present report gives the results of twenty four reinforced-laterized concrete beams, they were tested under combined actions of moment and shear. The principal variable are the mix proportions, percentage tensile reinforcement and shear span 10 effective depth ratio (aid). The results showed that the higher the percentage tensile reinforcement and cement or aggregate ratio the higher the shear and moment capacities 0/ the beams. When the shear span to effective depth ratio was increased, the shear capacity of the beams decreased while moment capacity increased. The shear span to effective depth ratio is the single most important factor that influences the mode of failure of the laterited concrete beams.
- ItemOpen AccessBehaviour Laterized Concrete Beams Under Moment And Shear.(1991-02-21) Falade, F.Abstract: The science and technique of substituting laterite for fine aggregate ill normal concrete work is rapidly increasing ill Nigeria. Studies Oil laterized concrete elements have been devoted primarily to observation under unit actions like the cube strength, split tensile strength, modulus 0/ rupture and creep characteristics. The present report gives the results of twenty four reinforced-laterized concrete beams, they were tested under combined actions of moment and shear. The principal variable are the mix proportions, percentage tensile reinforcement and shear span 10 effective depth ratio (aid). The results showed that the higher the percentage tensile reinforcement and cement or aggregate ratio the higher the shear and moment capacities 0/ the beams. When the shear span to effective depth ratio was increased, the shear capacity of the beams decreased while moment capacity increased. The shear span to effective depth ratio is the single most important factor that influences the mode of failure of the laterited concrete beams
- ItemOpen AccessInfluence of Water/Cement Ratios and Mix Proportions on Workability and Characteristic Strength of Concrete Containing Laterite Fine Aggregate(Pergamon Press PLC., 1994) Falade, F.This paper examines the variation of work ability and characteristic strength of laterized concrete (concrete containing laterite fine aggregate instead of sand) with different water/cement ratios and mix proportions. Four mixes of cement : lateritic soil: crushed granite were considered, namely I: I : 2, I: 11: 3, I: 2 : 4 and I: 3 : 6. Two methods-slump and compacting factor tests were used for the workability while the conventional cube test was used for the compressive strength. Cubes (100 mm) were made, water-cured at 21 +2°C and tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the water requirement for a mix increases with increase in laterite/cement ratio. Associated with slump test are: zero, true, partial collapse and collapse slumps. The strength decreases with increase in laterite/cement and water/cement ratios. It was further found that the workability decreases with increase in laterite/cement ratio. The results indicated that the well established variations of workability and compressive strength of normal concrete with water/cement ratios are valid for laterized concrete.
- ItemOpen AccessAn Investigation of Periwinkle Shells as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete(Elsevier Science Limited, 1995-10) Falade, FAn Investigation into using periwinkle shells (PWS) partially or wholly in concrete is reported. Three standard mixes of cement: sand: granite + PWS (1:Full-size image (<1 K):3, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6) and two design mixes of cement: sand: PWS (1:Full-size image (<1 K):1 and 1:Full-size image (<1 K): Full-size image (<1 K)) were used. The proportion of shells was varied at intervals of 10% in the standard mixes. Two strength properties (compressive and flexural) were considered. The variations of workability and density of the specimens with different proportions of PWS were also studied. Results showed that the compressive and flexural strengths decreased with increase in proportion of PWS to granite in the standard mixes. The 28th day strengths for the design mixes were 15.65 N/mm2 for 1:Full-size image (<1 K):1 and 11.77 N/mm2 for 1:Full-size image (<1 K):1 with corresponding densities of 2100 and 1850 kg/m3. The unit weight of PWS was found to be 694.44 kg/m3. This indicates that PWS is a lightweight aggregate. The workability of concrete batches decreased with increase in the proportion of PWS in the mixes. The same trend was observed with the densities of the concrete cubes. The density of concrete containing 100% PWS showed that the concrete produced is lightweight, giving strengths ranging from 11.77 to 15.65 N/mm2.
- ItemOpen AccessImplementation of Road Maintenance Works in Nigeria, using Labour- based Methods and Technology’(1996-12-07) Falade, F.Roads form an integral part of our lives and provide means of safe and economic transport of goods and people for various purposes. Presently, majority of our roads both in rural areas and urban centre are in a deplorable state because simple functional defects on them are being left to degenerate to structural defects due to lack of timely maintenance. The existing maintenance procedure is equipment intensive. The aging machineries require spare parts, refurbishment or utter replacement but the deregulation of the economy and devaluation of Naira have made it almost impossible to acquire these items, therefore, road maintenance suffers a serious neglect. In this paper, the existing maintenance methods and their short-comings are examined. Alternative methods are presented for rehabilitation and maintenance of roads at local, state and federal levels to an acceptable performance level throughout the year. Labour - and equipment - based construction methods of infrastructure are compared using a pilot project: Rehabilitation and maintenance of an existing Noforija - Imokun Yewa Road at Epe, as a case study. Labour - based methods and technologies are recommended as versatile tools to achieve an efficient way of keeping the roads in good condition considering the high level of available local resources and reduction In maintenance cost.
- ItemOpen AccessEffects Of Separation Of Grain Sizes Of Fine Aggregate On Properties Of Concrete Containing Granite Fines.(1999) Falade, F.In this study, seven grain size ranges of granite fines were used: 4.75 - 3.35mm, 3.35 - 2.36mm, 2.36 - 1.70mm, 1.70 - 1.18mm, 1.18 - 0.30mm, 0.30 - 0.063mm and 4.75 - 0.063mm (those containing all grain sizes). The properties considered for the investigation are compressive and flexural strengths, density and workability. Four mix proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates 1:11h: 3, 1:2:4, 1:3:6 and 1:0:3 (nofines) by weight were used in the tests. JOOmm cubes and 100 x 100 x 500mm beams were cast and cured in water at 21 ± 1°C. The specimens were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results showed that the compressive and flexural strengths and density increased with decreasing grain sizes, while the workability decreased with decrease in grain sizes.
- ItemOpen AccessEffects of Seperation of Grain Sizes of Fine Aggregate on Properties of Concrete Containing Granite Fines(1999) Falade, FIn this study, seven grain size ranges of granite fines were used: 4.75 - 3.35mm, 3.35 - 2.36mm, 2.36 - 1.70mm, 1.70 - 1.18mm, 1.18 - 0.30mm, 0.30 - 0.063mm and 4.75 - 0.063mm (those containing all grain sizes). The properties considered for the investigation are compressive and flexural strengths, density and workability. Four mix proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates 1:11h: 3, 1:2:4, 1:3:6 and 1:0:3 (nofines) by weight were used in the tests. JOOmm cubes and 100 x 100 x 500mm beams were cast and cured in water at 21 ± 1°C. The specimens were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results showed that the compressive and flexural strengths and density increased with decreasing grain sizes, while the workability decreased with decrease in grain sizes.
- ItemOpen AccessNigerian Housing Scenario:Research into Local Building Materials(2000-10-06) Falade, F.This paper examines the involvement of Government in housing delivery in Nigeria. It noted that the participation of Government has not been too successful. The low-cost housing programmes have been eluding the target groups because of high unit costs, which make the housing units unaffordable to the intended beneficiaries. Some research findings on local materials that are suitable for low-cost housing schemes are presented. It is recommended that the use of conventional materials and inappropriate construction technologies be discontinued while Government, its agencies and parastatals are enjoined to use appropriate local materials for their projects. Funding of prototypes as a way of ascertaining the real life behaviour of some materials is necessary, and therefore Government and Industrialists should endeavour to contribute towards realization of success of such results.
- ItemOpen AccessQuality Control And Maintenance Of Concrete In Buildings In Hot Climates.(2000-12-08) Falade, F.This paper examines the use of concrete as mass and/or reinforced concrete in buildings. It identifies defects associated with concrete as a result of poor quality control during its preparation. It shows that high level monitoring is necessary on construction sites in hot climates to determine the physical condition of the concrete constituents in order to ascertain the appropriate proportions for a mix to achieve the specified concrete strength for each project. The paper further noted that a close monitoring is required to determine the method of maintenance required to keep the concrete structure in a serviceable state during its service life It concludes that the use of good quality concrete reduces the necessity for monitoring and lowers maintenance costs while assuring high reliability of buildings.
- ItemOpen AccessA Comparative Study of Normal Concrete With Concretes Containing Granite and Laterite Fine Aggregates(Elsevier Science Limited, 2001) Falade, FThree types of fine aggregates are investigated for making concrete. namely sand for normal concrete, granite and laterite fines. The properties considered are compressive and tensile strengths. Three mix proportions of cement. fine and coarse aggregates are used: I: 1.5:3. 1:2:4 and I :3:6 (cement: fine: coarse) with water/cement ratios of 0.62, 0.75 and 1.0 respectively. 100mrn cubes and 150 x 300mrn cylinders were prepared and cured in water at 21±lo C. The specimens were tested for each mix at curing ages of7, 14,21, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete containing granite fines has the highest strength values both in compression and tension while concrete made with laterite fines has the lowest strength. For all the samples the strength characteristics decreased with increase in aggregate/cement ratio but increased with age irrespective of type of fine aggregate and mix proportion. Generally, the tensile strength was found to vary from 10 -12% of the compression strength values for 1:1.5:3 and 1:2:4 mixes and it was about 15% for I :3:6 mix.
- ItemOpen AccessDesign, Development And Assessment Of Maintenance System For Building Industry In Developing Countries(2001-09-06) Falade, F.This paper examines the problems of maintenance in developing countries. It acknowledges poor maintenance culture as a worldwide problem but notes that the situation is at an alarming rate in the developing countries. Usually building projects are packaged without provision for the future maintenance of the buildings during their service periods. Therefore, when the facilities are being used and deterioration sets in, it takes sometime to put an arrangement in place to correct the defect(s). Most maintenance operations fail qualitatively and quantitatively due to improper design, inappropriate maintenance approach, inadequate planning and inappropriate maintenance method and a times lack of maintenance policies. The author indicates that the use of labour-based method for maintenance operations in building industry would be more appropriate in developing countries as opposed to equipment-based or labour intensive approach. Labour-based method is considered to be more economical than either equipment based or labour intensive method. An operational concept for effective design and management of maintenance work is presented. The concept provides procedures for carrying out maintenance works, evaluating resources for maintenance operations and assessing the performance of maintenance works. The performance is assessed by cost control (cost indexes and performance checks through the use of man-hours per unit of work done. Good management in maintenance work would furnish such indexes as are necessary to permit evaluation of the performance of the organisation internally and provide top management with information they need to assess the performance of the maintenance.
- ItemOpen AccessConcrete Deterioration, Diagnosis, Maintenance And Maintenance Reliability In Buildings In Hot Climates.(2001-09-13) Falade, F.This paper identifies types of deterioration in concrete structures and analyses their causes, examines methods of repair and maintenance and assesses the effectiveness of the maintenance with age. The findings in this study have showed that maintenance reliability depends on (a) quality of materials (b) the proffered technical solution (c) supervision (d) regularity of inspection and (e) management procedure.
- ItemOpen AccessBehaviour And Analysis Of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Flexural Loading.(2002) Falade, F.; Akeju, T.A.I.In this study, the behaviour of bamboo reinforced concrete beams was examined under a third point loading. Each beam was simply supported over an effective span of 600mm. The results showed that the behaviour of the beams was governed by the strengths, moduli of elasticity and stress-strain relationship of its components (reinforcement and concrete). Bamboo reinforced beams exhibited enhanced cracking and failure strengths when compared to the equivalent in plain concrete. There was increase in first-cracking and post-cracking strengths for beams with increase in bamboo content and curing age. A comparison of stress-strain distribution in the beam at different percentages of reinforcement indicates an optimum of 5.20% of cross sectional area of the beam for bamboo in bamboo reinforced concrete beams.