Department of Electrical Engineering

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    Open Access
    Development of energy benchmarking protocol for commercial banks, Lagos state, Nigeria
    (Routledge Taylor & Francis, 201-09-26) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Babatunde, O.M.; Ayegbajeje, A.E.
    Energy consumption is a central factor taken into consideration as far as management decisions are concerned in any firm and the same goes for the banking industry. More importantly is the extent to which firms consume energy efficiently. In the light of this, this study investigates the energy benchmarking of 50 commercial bank branches in Lagos. With the aid of questionnaires and by observation and consultation with the staff of the selected bank branches, data were collected on the energy use as well as several other variables that influence energy use intensity. An energy use intensity model was estimated using the fixed, random and pooled ordinary least square specifications and the predicted energy use intensity was constructed. Armed with the observed and predicted energy use intensities, an absolute benchmarking was conducted while a relative benchmarking was also conducted with the aid of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. The results of the regression analysis revealed a maximum of 60% of the branches of banks are energy efficient. However, the results of the DEA suggest that only a single branch of the 50 sampled branches was energy efficient while the other banks fell below the energy efficiency frontier with some banks performing relatively poorer than the others.
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    Open Access
    Industrial Training as an Integral of Engineering and Technology Education: Issues and Prospects
    (2002-09) Falade, F.
    In this paper, the philosophy of engineering and technology education curricula in Nigerian Universities is presented. The paper notes that in formulating the curricula, industrial training is incorporated into the programme to ensure that students are given the much-needed on-job-experience during their course of study in the Universities, to make them better prepared for the challenges in the industry thus making them more relevant in the industry after graduation. An assessment is made of how well the curricula have been able to meet the needs of the industry taking cognisance of all the obstacles militating against the effective performance of Faculties of Engineering and Technology in the Universities and the problems in the industrial sector. It is suggested that to make progress technologically, there is need to provide an enabling environment that guarantees adequate facilities and funding engineering and technology education in the universities and a corresponding expansion in the industry.
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    Open Access
    Computer-Aided Instruction in Electrical Engineering Education
    (2002-09-23) Okafor, F.N; Akinbulire, T.O; Awosope, C.O
    This paper discusses the experiences of the authors in the application of computer aided instruction (CAI) to Electrical Engineering Education. Examples of some CAI tools developed by the authors are presented. Also discussed are problem associated with development and/or acquisition of the necessary tools for CAI in a developing country like Nigeria.
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of Mobile Communications in a Predominantly Rocky Area
    (IEC Annual Review of Communications, 2007) Odinma, A. C.; Anyanwu, A. M.; Adelabu, M. A. K.
    Mobile communication in Nigeria is plagued with unprecedented dropped calls, crosstalk, and service unavailability even when the subscribers are credit-worthy. The reasons for such reprehensible observations are either due to natural causes, inadequate network infrastructure, or poor network design parameters. This paper examines the perturbation of mobile communications to ascertain probable causes. The various causes of impairment are examined. Different scenarios of mobile communications environment are presented. Test runs of the four mobile operators’ behavior from a rocky and non-rocky environment in Nigeria are presented. Finally, analysis of percentage call failures and observations are given.
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    Open Access
    OPTIMAL RELAY PERFORMANCE USING ADVANCED FAULT DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
    (European Association for the Development of Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality, 2008-03) Akinbulire, T.O; Oluseyi, P.O; Esumeh, C.I
    This paper describes application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in the diagnostic operation of the protective relays in power system with a particular emphasis on neuro-fuzzy method, as a viable enhancement to the existing classical protection technique in use on the Nigeria’s national grid. The proposed method is simulated to showcase its advantages over the existing methods. It will not replace the latter but rather serves as a means of improving its reliability as a protection scheme.
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    Open Access
    Effect of Land Cover (Clutter) on Field Strength Prediction in urban Areas
    (Journal of Engineering Research (JER), University of Lagos, 2009) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Ibiyemi, T.S.
    This article studies different propagation models in order to determine a suitable one for estimating radio coverage for broadcast services in urban areas. This paper presents three different field strength prediction methods for broadcast services based on both deterministic and semi-empirical techniques. A comprehensive television broadcast field strength survey was carried out at different locations in some selected states of Nigeria in order to compare field strength measured from all television transmitters with those obtained from the three prediction models. The prediction accuracy of each method has been examined by comparing the field strength they yield to those determined from the measurement campaign. The substantial elements of the methods are summarized and the results of the comparison discussed.
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    Open Access
    Spectrum Usage and Requirements for Future Terrestrial Broadcast Applications
    (European Broadcast Union (EBU) Technical Review, 2009) Brugger, R; Gbenga-Ilori, A.
    This article investigates the potential of digital terrestrial television to provide a competitive platform for future broadcasting applications. High-definition TV (HD) is assumed as a future standard for all TV applications. The number of programmes that can be accommodated in a multiplex when applying new source coding techniques (MPEG-4) and new channel coding techniques (DVB-T2) is assessed and the possibilities available within the GE06 Agreement are discussed.
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    Open Access
    Directing the digital dividend towards bridging the digital divide in Nigeria
    (European Journal of Scientific Research, 2010) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Ibiyemi, T.S.
    In this work we investigate the use of digital dividend from the transition of analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural areas of Nigeria. First, we predict that 77% of the VHF and UHF spectrum can be freed up and released for other communication services after transition to digital television. We also presented a few of the services competing for the use of the freed spectrum and considered necessary approaches in estimating the values and benefit of allocating this digital dividend to each of these services. These approaches were based on technical considerations, economic and social benefits. Results show that wireless broadband for fixed reception had the highest recommendation for the use of the digital dividend because of its potential capacity of bridging the digital divide in rural areas of the country and its relatively high revenue potentials. Finally, challenges that could hinder the successful transition to digital terrestrial television and the release of the digital dividend in Nigeria were identified and necessary recommendations were made to government and policy makers on ways to address these problems.
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    Open Access
    Long-Term Electric Load Forecasting for University of Lagos Using Regression Analysis Method
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2010-03) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Awosope, C.O.A.; Odekunle, M.; Idowu, O.M.
    The university as a centre for research into the development of a nation requires constant supply of electricity. In order to achieve this, it becomes of great importance to evaluate the precise amount of energy required for continuous and uninterrupted power supply to the academic community. In line with this goal, this work investigates the historical load consumption of the University of Lagos community from which an electrical load forecast for the future energy requirement for this community can be proffered using the regression analysis method. It is the intent of this work to establish a mathematical model via the regression analysis method for the assessment of the historical data in order to predict a fairly reliable future energy requirement for the community; with special consideration for the next one decade, i.e. long-term forecasting. Even though this method is examined using the University community, it can be further extended to cover the whole country, provided the historical data of the country’s past electric energy consumption are available.
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    Open Access
    A study of the effects of electricity supply regulation on Nigerian consumers
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2010-06) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Awosope, C.O.A.; Okafor, R.C.
    The work examines the need for the establishment of independent regulatory activities in Nigeria to make the process of price regulation more efficient, consistent and predictable and amenable to arbitrary judgement of regulators. It also examines the need for private sector participation and reforms in the energy sector so that such can secure the supply of electricity.
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    Open Access
    Quality Control In Road Construction And Maintenance:
    (2013-05-09) Falade, F.
    Roads are built to provide safe passage of vehicles. They must be properly designed and constructed. After construction, roads deteriorate with age as a result of use and therefore, they need to be maintained to ensure that the objective of safety, strength and durability are met. The rate at which roads deteriorate in service depends on the quality of materials used, workmanship standard and the quality of supervision during the road construction. If roads are not maintained, functional defects will degenerate to structural defects that will require rehabilitation or reconstruction. The objective of quality control in road construction and maintenance is to achieve a well built pavement that conforms to the required horizontal and vertical profiles, design thicknesses of different courses (earthwork, sub-base, base and surface) and stipulated standards of riding quality. At each stage of construction or maintenance operations, quality control is required during the preliminary design, source acceptance, job-mix and construction. Relevant quality control tests should be carried out on construction materials. The plants and equipment must be of good quality and must be consistent with the type of job to be done. Effective supervision of construction or maintenance works as well as plants and equipment by qualified engineers is the key to the achievement of the overall objective of quality control. Engineers are to ensure that contractors comply with all the project specifications. Effective quality control leads to reduction in the cost of construction and maintenance, lowers cost of vehicles operation, transportation and maintenance. It is recommended that the option of preventive maintenance of our roads rather than reactive maintenance should be urgently embraced because preventive maintenance results in prolonged service life of roads and significant savings for the government.
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    Open Access
    Maximizing White Space in Nigeria Using an Optimized SFN and K-SFN Network Design
    (International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2014) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Sanusi, O.I.
    Abstract: A proposal for maximizing the available TV white space in Nigeria using a mixture of SFN and k-SFN digital television network design is presented in this paper. First, the current spectrum occupancy of UHF and VHF band by analogue terrestrial television was determined. The spectrum was re-planned for future DTV services by considering the size of the network, the location of the transmitters in each of the geo-political zones of the country, the type of coverage and variation in regional programming. Results from the network plan showed that 8 multiplexes, using 20 UHF channels can be used to broadcast 129 programmes to achieve a spectrum savings of 168MHz which amount to 51.22% of the present analogue television spectrum use. Our optimized SFN and k-SFN network design was further compared on a network design based on a combination of SFN and pure MFN. Results showed that 80.9% increase in savings can be obtained using our proposed optimized network design. Finally, the capacity of TV white space available with the present GE-06 planned entries for digital television services in Nigeria was determined and compared with available TV white space from our proposed reconfigured digital television plan using the SFN and k-SFN design. Results showed that it is possible to improve the average Level of Compactness from 0.401 to 0.561 for the country. This means that, with the optimized network design, it is not only possible to increase the spectrum savings in the country but also possible to improve the level of compactness which translates to a higher level of usefulness of the expected TV White spaces.
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    Open Access
    Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of demand side management techniques for rural electrification in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Springerlink.com, 2014-08) Akinbulire, Tolu Olusegun; Oluseyi, Peter Olabisi; Babatunde, O.Moses
    According to the United Nation Development Programme, access to modern low-cost energy systems in developing countries is important in the realization of the globally agreed developmental goals, as well as the Millennium Development Goals, and sustainable development, which would assist in the reduction of poverty and to improve the conditions and quality of life for the greater part of the world’s population. Planners have suggested hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas worldwide. This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental effect of applying demand side management (DSM) activities to rural loads before design and sizing of hybrid energy systems for such community. Iporin a rural area in Ibadan, Nigeria which is endowed with an average daily solar radiation of 3.84 kWh/m2 /day was taken as a case study. The total daily consumption which was initially estimated as 297 kWh/day after the application of DSM techniques dropped to 130 kWh/day representing a decrease of 56.80 %. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables software was used for simulation and optimization purpose. Parameters such as DSM index, net present cost, and emission level were used in determining the effect of the DSM technique. Overall, the DSM activities proved to be more economical and environmental friendly.
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    Open Access
    Concerning the Circular- and Square-loop Antennas Mounted over a Ground Plane of Finite Extent
    (2015-07) Ayorinde, A. A.; Adekola, S. A.; Mowete, A. I.
    As a natural sequel to an earlier presentation [1], which compared the performance features of equal perimeter circular- and square-loop antennas located over finite ground planes, this paper, using the same formulation, examines the same performance characteristics, but this time, with the antennas being of equal cross-sectional areas; and with loop heights varying between 0.05,). and l.00')' at the operating (center) frequency of l.25 GHz. Computational results for the antennas' input characteristics reveal that whereas they share virtually identical input resistance profiles, input reactance for the square loop has values that are in general, lower than those for the circular loop, for the entire range of 'height above ground plane' considered. Results for the E- and H-plane radiation field patterns indicate that when the loops are located at heights beyond 0.3,), above the finite ground plane, the front-lobes become distorted; an observation supported by the profiles of the forward directive gain, which display the 'notch filter response' behavior. Furthermore, the results suggest that acceptable front-to-back ratio performance can only be maintained if loop heights above the ground plane are kept below 0.3,),.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of energy consumption and carbon footprint from the hotel sector within Lagos, Nigeria
    (Elsevier/Science Direct, 2016-02) Oluseyi, Peter Olabisi; Babatunde, O. Moses; Babatunde, Oluwabori A.
    Nigeria has one of the lowest electricity consumption per capita in Africa and this is because the power grid capacity has not been able to meet the ever increasing demand for electricity. To remain in business, several business enterprises rely on captive generation of electricity; thus, the hospitality industry is not left out of this experience. Primarily, this study evaluates the energy consumption trend in the Nigerian hotel industry. The energy utilization is modeled in order to appraise its influence on the emission level of the diesel generators, which is the major source of electricity supply in Nigeria. The linear regression method is employed for the characterization of the energy utilization index. Also, correlation analysis is employed to investigate the interdependence of carbon footprint and normalized energy consumption. Results show a significant correlation between energy consumption per unit guest room and the carbon dioxide emission level. This work develops a carbon footprint protocol for the hotel industry in Nigeria by recommending that the annual energy consumption per unit guestroom should be kept at a value not more than 40.278 MWh/guestroom while the annual energy consumption per unit equivalent guest room should be less than 62.861 MWh/equivalent guestroom.
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    Open Access
    Recurrent Neural Network Model for Forecasting Electricity Demand in Nigeria
    (Journal of Engineering Research, 2016-12) Abdulsalam, K.A.; Adegbenro, O; Akinbulire, T.O.
    This work uses modular recurrent neural network to estimate the electricity demand in Nigeria from 2015 to 2050. The network is a 2-layer multi-input, single-output model with twelve neurons trained using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The data structure used for training is cell array of sequential concurrent data. The Recurrent Neural Network model was simulated as Non-linear Auto Regressive with eXogenous (NARX) model in Matlab environment and the predicted load for 2015 is about 550GWh; and an expected demand increase of 7.5 % every five year.
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    Open Access
    ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT OF NIGERIA’S 330kV TRANSMISSION SUB-NETWORK
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2017-01) Oluseyi, P.O.; Adelaja, T.S.; Akinbulire, T.O.
    The poor investment in the network expansion programme has led to high level of grid fragility experienced in the power transmission system in Nigeria. Thus, any little disturbance often results in cascaded outage which is very hazardous to the power system equipment and operation. In order to overcome or ameliorate the influence of this challenge, the network engineers have to devise methodologies based on the dynamic stability analysis. This motivates the development of power system transient stability model presented herein. The developed model is thus applied to a specimen of the Nigeria’s transmission power system, i.e. the Ikeja-West Sub-network. This choice is influenced by the fact that the Ikeja-West sub-network is the hub of power transmission arteries in Nigeria. Thus the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is deployed to operate on the ensuing model. This then leads to generating a series of results that demonstrates the different scenarios in respect of the system stability studies. The method adopted is quite appealing and promising as a tool in sustaining system stability and security during slight disturbance to the network during operation.
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    Open Access
    Evaluating the Energy and Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2) Reduction Resulting from Efficient Lighting at the University of Lagos, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2017-12) Babatunde, O.M.; Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Emezirinwune, M.U.; Shomefun, T.E.
    This study evaluated the economic and environmental potentials of improving the energy efficiency of the lighting technology at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The energy audit report for the Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos before retrofitting shows that all lighting fixtures in the lecture rooms are the 1.2 metre inefficient fluorescent lamps. The cost effectiveness of lighting retrofitting with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode tube (LED) lighting technology alternatives for the lighting system at Faculty of Engineering lecture rooms were analysed using economic indices such as life cycle cost analysis, net present cost, simple payback time, and internal rate of return. Relative to the existing system, installation of the two lighting technology alternatives would result in a 40 % and 72 % reduction of consumed energy respectively. With both technology alternatives paying back in less than two years, the LED technology returned a NPV of $35,791.76 (N12.95M) compared to the $15,261.43 (N5.24M) given back by the CLF lighting fixtures. If the alternative lighting technology that conserves the most electricity was installed, carbon dioxide emissions accompanying electricity usage would be reduced by about 72 % and a savings of 3.84 tonnes of oil would be achieved annually. From the study, it was established that the utilisation of energy efficient lighting system will reduce energy consumption; increase bills savings; and indirectly reduce carbon (IV) oxide emission from the fossil fuel used in powering the lamps
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    Open Access
    Hybrid Energy Systems Model with the Inclusion of Energy Efficiency Measures: A Rural Application Perspective
    (Econ Journal, 2018) Babatunde, D.E.; Babatunde, O.M.; Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.
    The wide energy supply/demand gap has led the developing economies to the operation of the captive generators. This has contributed in no small way to the carbon footprint in the developing nations. Thus, the energy management initiative could assist in reducing the menace of greenhouse gas emission. Hence, the energy policy makers and planners have unanimously proposed adoption of demand side management (DSM) technique. Thus the adoption of energy efficiency technique (EET)-a DSM measures and hybrid energy system would be essential for rural electrification. This work investigates the effect of applying energy efficiency measures in rural electrification. Acase study of an un-electrified rural settlement in Ibadan, Nigeria was considered. The utilization of EET techniques reduces the emission of CO2 by 62%, while the technical analysis indicates the possibility of a 100% renewable electricity production. Principally, the adoption of energy efficient techniques proved to be economically and environmentally friendly.
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    Open Access
    The Role of Demand-Side Management in Carbon Footprint Reduction in Modern Energy Services for Rural Health Clinic
    (Elsevier/ Butterworth-Heinemann, 2018) Babatunde, O.M.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Akinbulire, T.O.; Denwigwe, H.I.; Akin-Adeniyi, T.J.
    Because of globalization, industrialization, and development due to technology, the demand for electrical energy is on the increase. There is therefore a need for efficient energy measures to ensure conservation, thereby saving costs. Demand-side management (DSM) deals with conversion of energy demand of consumers into activities/programs/tactics (e.g. financial incentives and public awareness/education), which brings about less use of energy by the consumers. Gellings and Parmenter gave a history of DSM in the United States and its influence on energy resources. They also explained the role of DSM in integrated resource planning, the main elements of DSM programs and summarized the key best practices for program design and delivery. Palensky and Dietrich (2011) described DSM as using measures such as sophisticated real-time control of distributed energy resources, better materials, smart energy tariffs with incentives for certain consumption patterns to improve energy efficiency. Various types of DSM were analyzed, and an overview of modern DSM projects was given. Haney et al. (2010) highlighted how integrated government DSM policies, targeting residential demand for electricity and heat are more likely.