Department of Electrical Engineering

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    Open Access
    ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT OF NIGERIA’S 330kV TRANSMISSION SUB-NETWORK
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2017-01) Oluseyi, P.O.; Adelaja, T.S.; Akinbulire, T.O.
    The poor investment in the network expansion programme has led to high level of grid fragility experienced in the power transmission system in Nigeria. Thus, any little disturbance often results in cascaded outage which is very hazardous to the power system equipment and operation. In order to overcome or ameliorate the influence of this challenge, the network engineers have to devise methodologies based on the dynamic stability analysis. This motivates the development of power system transient stability model presented herein. The developed model is thus applied to a specimen of the Nigeria’s transmission power system, i.e. the Ikeja-West Sub-network. This choice is influenced by the fact that the Ikeja-West sub-network is the hub of power transmission arteries in Nigeria. Thus the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is deployed to operate on the ensuing model. This then leads to generating a series of results that demonstrates the different scenarios in respect of the system stability studies. The method adopted is quite appealing and promising as a tool in sustaining system stability and security during slight disturbance to the network during operation.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of electrical grid fragility in Nigeria-31 bus system
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria., 2018-12) Oluseyi, P.O.; Ajekigbe, T.O.; Babatunde, O.M.; Akinbulire, T.O.
    The grid fragility is a prevalent challenge in Nigeria electricity supply industry (NESI). It has resulted in recorded incidents of voltage collapse which have been on the increase in the recent time. Meanwhile to evaluate this events; thus the nexus between voltage collapse and network capacity was explored. To actualize this, the load flow analysis was carried out on the Nigeria-31 bus system with the aid of the Newton-Raphson iteration technique. Using the relevant parameters (such as bus voltage magnitude, bus voltage angle, generated power, injected power as well as load magnitude) obtained from the analysis, the line stability index and line stability factor were obtained for every line in the network. It was discovered from the values of line stability index that Lines (26-2); (31-7); (10-11); (24-10) and (18-12) are weak and fragile while for the line stability factor, the values obtained for Lines (10-8); (11-8); (11-10); (24-10) and (18-12) indicate the fragility of some of the lines in the Nigerian Transmission Network. From this, it was established that the weakest lines were those whose values range from 0.3051 to 0.8813 for the line stability index. Correspondingly; any line that takes the value between 0.2737 and 0.9924 in respect of the line stability factor was also marked as the weakest lines in the network. Thus it was noticed that for the two line stability indices (i.e. stability factor and stability index); Line (11-10) i.e. from Oshogbo to Ikeja- West bus is the most fragile line in Nigeria-31 bus transmission network while the nearest to it are lines (24-10) i.e. from Ayede to Ikeja-West bus and (12-18) i.e. from Kaduna to Kano bus. This study is potentially sufficient for determining the lines in the transmission network that require utmost consideration for reinforcement in respect of the transmission expansion planning schemes.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of energy consumption and carbon footprint from the hotel sector within Lagos, Nigeria
    (Elsevier/Science Direct, 2016-02) Oluseyi, Peter Olabisi; Babatunde, O. Moses; Babatunde, Oluwabori A.
    Nigeria has one of the lowest electricity consumption per capita in Africa and this is because the power grid capacity has not been able to meet the ever increasing demand for electricity. To remain in business, several business enterprises rely on captive generation of electricity; thus, the hospitality industry is not left out of this experience. Primarily, this study evaluates the energy consumption trend in the Nigerian hotel industry. The energy utilization is modeled in order to appraise its influence on the emission level of the diesel generators, which is the major source of electricity supply in Nigeria. The linear regression method is employed for the characterization of the energy utilization index. Also, correlation analysis is employed to investigate the interdependence of carbon footprint and normalized energy consumption. Results show a significant correlation between energy consumption per unit guest room and the carbon dioxide emission level. This work develops a carbon footprint protocol for the hotel industry in Nigeria by recommending that the annual energy consumption per unit guestroom should be kept at a value not more than 40.278 MWh/guestroom while the annual energy consumption per unit equivalent guest room should be less than 62.861 MWh/equivalent guestroom.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of the Scope and Usage of Digital Dividend in Nigeria
    (ATBU Journal of Science, Technology and Education (JOSTE), 2020) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Sanusi, O.I.
    The rapid pace of innovation in wireless technology has placed increasing demand on the frequency spectrum in the last decade. The evolution of digital television provided a way of meeting this spectrum demand since a substantial part of the television spectrum could be released for other services after digital switchover. In this paper, we estimate the spectrum savings possible from digital television switchover in Nigeria. The paper shows that it is possible to save 168MHz as digital dividend after the transition to digital television. The paper also considers the country’s decision to use this dividend for digital television and mobile broadband by determining if this is the optimal choice for Nigeria based on technical, economic and social constraints. Findings show that, technically, the services can coexist if proper measures are taken during the planning stage of the national digital television network. Findings also show that both services have huge economic and social value to the nation. The paper recommends that social value take a higher priority over economic value in a developing country like Nigeria to bridge the existing digital divide. Finally, recommendations on a feasible digital television migration framework for Nigeria were made to the government and stakeholders.
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    Open Access
    Comparative Load Flow Analysis of UNILAG Power Distribution Network using Newton Raphson and Gauss Seidel Methods
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 2019-06) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Udoakam, G.A.; Babatunde, O.M.
    The evaluation of power flow in the distribution network has many techniques but there has been a very much interest in the traditionally known methods. These methods have enjoyed very wide acceptability and applicability. However, a comparative study of these techniques for the investigation of the load flow analysis for any of the Nigeria’s distribution systems is not adequately and proficiently documented. Thus, this inspired the adaptation of these techniques for the solution of a structured distribution network in the University of Lagos (UNILAG) Campus. The opportunity presented by this research is the deployment of these methods for the analysis and testing of a reallife power distribution network. The results obtained were validated with the IEEE-9 bus and IEEE-30 bus systems. The results obtained for the Campus distribution network were not only highly revealing but it also provided comparatively information (in respect of GS versus NR) as follows: number of iterations (i.e. 3 versus 177) , convergence time (i.e. 0.2457 versus 0.3276), power mismatch (0.017 MVAr versus 0.00 MVAr), system losses (i.e. 0.854 MW versus 0.855 MW), iteration tolerance (0.00001 versus 0.00) From this, the compared results indicated that the NR method converges faster with a least number of iterations irrespective of the number of the system buses while in the GS method, the number of iterations increases proportionally as the number of buses increases. Thus, it is evidently established that the NR method is very adequate for the analysis of large distribution networks.
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    Open Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF META-HEURISTIC AND CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF A MULTI-SOURCE SINGLEAREA HYDRO-THERMAL-GAS POWER SYSTEM
    (2019-07-26) Dinakin, D.D.; Oluseyi, P.O.
    The PID controller still remains a widely used and very effective means of achieving stability in control systems. Generally, the performance of the controller is determined by the proportional, integral and derivative gains of the controller. The classical techniques: ZieglerNichols (ZN) open loop method; ZN closed loop method; Chien-Hrones-Reswick (C-H-R) load rejection method; and meta-heuristic technique: the fuzzy logic algorithm, are used to determine the tuning parameters of the PID controller in this study. The performance comparison of these controllers is done for automatic generation control (AGC) of a multi-source single-area hydrothermal-gas power system. In such power systems, each source has a participation factor that determines its contribution to total power generation. The root mean square error (RMSE) is deployed to determine the proportionate balance of each generator’s output with its corresponding participation factor. The performance comparison of the controllers using Simulink/MATLAB shows that the fuzzy-PID controller achieved the most proportionate generation balance.
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    Open Access
    Computer-Aided Instruction in Electrical Engineering Education
    (2002-09-23) Okafor, F.N; Akinbulire, T.O; Awosope, C.O
    This paper discusses the experiences of the authors in the application of computer aided instruction (CAI) to Electrical Engineering Education. Examples of some CAI tools developed by the authors are presented. Also discussed are problem associated with development and/or acquisition of the necessary tools for CAI in a developing country like Nigeria.
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    Open Access
    Concerning the Circular- and Square-loop Antennas Mounted over a Ground Plane of Finite Extent
    (2015-07) Ayorinde, A. A.; Adekola, S. A.; Mowete, A. I.
    As a natural sequel to an earlier presentation [1], which compared the performance features of equal perimeter circular- and square-loop antennas located over finite ground planes, this paper, using the same formulation, examines the same performance characteristics, but this time, with the antennas being of equal cross-sectional areas; and with loop heights varying between 0.05,). and l.00')' at the operating (center) frequency of l.25 GHz. Computational results for the antennas' input characteristics reveal that whereas they share virtually identical input resistance profiles, input reactance for the square loop has values that are in general, lower than those for the circular loop, for the entire range of 'height above ground plane' considered. Results for the E- and H-plane radiation field patterns indicate that when the loops are located at heights beyond 0.3,), above the finite ground plane, the front-lobes become distorted; an observation supported by the profiles of the forward directive gain, which display the 'notch filter response' behavior. Furthermore, the results suggest that acceptable front-to-back ratio performance can only be maintained if loop heights above the ground plane are kept below 0.3,),.
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    Open Access
    Development of a model for mitigating fire spread in multi-storey buildings
    (Faculty of Engineering University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri- Nigeria, 2019-06) Oluseyi, P.O.; Akinbulire, T.O.; Atunbi, C.T.; Akinyemi, M.I.
    In the developing nations that are located in the tropical region; there is a growing trend of fire incidence in buildings without adequate development of fire prevention and/or reduction protocol. Thus, this study addresses the growth and spread of fire in multi-storey buildings. The rooms are structured as cells in order to reduce the flame spread from a single fuel item, by heat release, to other neighbouring items or rooms (otherwise known as cells). The philosophy is to reduce the advent of vertical and horizontal fire spread. Thus, the mathematical model for the spread of fire in buildings over a solid fuel surface is therefore developed using the adaptation, development and simulation of cellular automata (CA) discrete model. The von Neumann neighbourhood cell configuration is adopted. Hence, the surface of the fuel is analysed using a regular square array (i.e. cells), while the flame spread is depicted as a series of ignitions of surface elements. In which case, ignition of an element is evaluated by a combination of critical surface ignition temperature and cellular automata discrete techniques. The work displays the movement of fire, from its origin of ignition to other fuel igniting elements around it. Consequently, this spread to other parts of the building. However, the technique presented in this work attempts to reduce the rate of growth of the fire spread using the predictive fire growth probability approach. In other words, the application of the cellular automata, using a multi-storey building, is herein presented. The study has potential to advance knowledge of technical approach to stop fire spread in multi-storey building. Thus it improves fire risk management as well as reducing magnitude of fire disaster and losses in the multi-storey buildings.
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    Open Access
    Development of energy benchmarking protocol for commercial banks, Lagos state, Nigeria
    (Routledge Taylor & Francis, 201-09-26) Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Babatunde, O.M.; Ayegbajeje, A.E.
    Energy consumption is a central factor taken into consideration as far as management decisions are concerned in any firm and the same goes for the banking industry. More importantly is the extent to which firms consume energy efficiently. In the light of this, this study investigates the energy benchmarking of 50 commercial bank branches in Lagos. With the aid of questionnaires and by observation and consultation with the staff of the selected bank branches, data were collected on the energy use as well as several other variables that influence energy use intensity. An energy use intensity model was estimated using the fixed, random and pooled ordinary least square specifications and the predicted energy use intensity was constructed. Armed with the observed and predicted energy use intensities, an absolute benchmarking was conducted while a relative benchmarking was also conducted with the aid of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. The results of the regression analysis revealed a maximum of 60% of the branches of banks are energy efficient. However, the results of the DEA suggest that only a single branch of the 50 sampled branches was energy efficient while the other banks fell below the energy efficiency frontier with some banks performing relatively poorer than the others.
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    Open Access
    Development of optimal placement of distributed generators in electrical network using improved strength pareto evolutionary algorithm
    (Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria, 2019-08) Oluseyi, P.O.; Iro, I.U.; Ighravwe, D.; Babatunde, O.M.
    In recent times, the issue of the gap between electricity supply and demand has been addressed using distributed generation (DG) technology. When DG technology is properly placed within a transmission and distribution network, there is always improvement in power loss reduction, voltage profile and system reliability. Proper placement can be achieved by evaluating the optimal values for voltage deviation, real power loss and bus voltage. Thus, this study presents a multi-objective DG optimisation model that minimizes of voltage deviation and real power loss, while maximising voltage stability factor. Themodel was formulated as a multi-objective problem and solved using an improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA-2) technique of optimisation to DG problem. The Nigeria-31 bus, 330 KV, transmission network was considered as test case. The results obtained were validated with the standard IEEE 30-bus system. In addition, this study presented scenarios where 1, 2 and 3 DGs were placed into these test cases. Based on the SPEA-2 implementation, the optimisation run time for the Nigerian network and the IEEE network were 2229.55 and 2039.42 secs, respectively. The optimal bus location of the three DGs (whose capacities are: 8.7793 MW/6.1272 MVAr, 8.1806 MW/4.7778 MVAr and 7.9567 MW/4.6281 MVAr respectively) for the IEEE 30 bus were 5,7 and 26 buses, respectively, while for the Nigerian-31 bus were 14, 15 and 17 (whose capacities are: 22.9693 MW/15.2956 MVAr, 27.3711 MW/21.7274 MVAr and 30.9910 MW/15.4069 MVAr respectively) respectively. For the placement of these DGs, the power loss reduction in the IEEE-30 bus is 16.17 MW, 15.28 MW, 14.07 MW respectively and 64.21 MVAr, 61.19 MVAr, 56.13 MVAr respectively. While for the Nigeria-31 bus system; the reduction in power loss is: 34.66MW, 33.99 MW, 33.82 MW and 411.85 MVAr, 403.45 MVAr, 400.54 MVAr respectively. The results obtained showed that the total power losses reduced as DGs are sited at the optimal locations for the two test cases when compared with cases when DGs were not considered.
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    Open Access
    Directing the digital dividend towards bridging the digital divide in Nigeria
    (European Journal of Scientific Research, 2010) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Ibiyemi, T.S.
    In this work we investigate the use of digital dividend from the transition of analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural areas of Nigeria. First, we predict that 77% of the VHF and UHF spectrum can be freed up and released for other communication services after transition to digital television. We also presented a few of the services competing for the use of the freed spectrum and considered necessary approaches in estimating the values and benefit of allocating this digital dividend to each of these services. These approaches were based on technical considerations, economic and social benefits. Results show that wireless broadband for fixed reception had the highest recommendation for the use of the digital dividend because of its potential capacity of bridging the digital divide in rural areas of the country and its relatively high revenue potentials. Finally, challenges that could hinder the successful transition to digital terrestrial television and the release of the digital dividend in Nigeria were identified and necessary recommendations were made to government and policy makers on ways to address these problems.
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    Open Access
    Effect of Atmospheric Impairments on Ku-band Free-to-Air Digital Satellite Television Signals in Lagos State
    (Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2020) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.
    With the rapid deployment of free-to-air satellite television, there is an increasing need for an accurate propagation prediction tool for satellite link planning. This paper presents an evaluation of deterministic propagation model that is best for the analysis of satellite signal quality at Ku-band in Lagos state, Nigeria. The paper aims at comparing accurate measurements of channel-to-noise (C/N0) and bit error rate (BER) taken at six locations within Lagos state with simulation results derived from the Institut für Rundfunktechnik (IRT) model and modified irregular terrain model (ITM) deterministic propagation models. The work considered the effect of the type of modulation scheme and error correction code used on the C/N0 and BER received using these deterministic propagation models. Results show a deviation of 0.732 dB and 0.285 dB from C/No measurements using the IRT and modified ITM models respectively. This work shows that at more than 1% of the time, both models performed well when compared with measurements. However, at less than 1% of the time, which accounts for periods of heavy rainfall, the modified ITM model performed better. The paper also shows that when error correction code is not used with the modulation scheme deployed, the BER increases rapidly and the effect of using a higher alternate modulation symbol is not evident on achievable data rates.
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    Open Access
    Effect of Land Cover (Clutter) on Field Strength Prediction in urban Areas
    (Journal of Engineering Research (JER), University of Lagos, 2009) Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.; Ibiyemi, T.S.
    This article studies different propagation models in order to determine a suitable one for estimating radio coverage for broadcast services in urban areas. This paper presents three different field strength prediction methods for broadcast services based on both deterministic and semi-empirical techniques. A comprehensive television broadcast field strength survey was carried out at different locations in some selected states of Nigeria in order to compare field strength measured from all television transmitters with those obtained from the three prediction models. The prediction accuracy of each method has been examined by comparing the field strength they yield to those determined from the measurement campaign. The substantial elements of the methods are summarized and the results of the comparison discussed.
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    Open Access
    An Efficient Power Control Game Model for Wireless Sensor Networks
    (Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 2019) Ladipo, O.; Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.
    Efficient energy usage is a major design challenge in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, an efficient power control scheme that mitigates interference and reduces the energy usage of the sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network is presented using the game theory. A non-cooperative game was formulated among the sensor nodes in the modeled network by setting a transmission power limit at the receiving nodes which ensured that the transmitting nodes transmits at the optimal power level. The utility of the sensor nodes and the interference proportion within the network was evaluated at the optimal and discrete transmit powers. The Nash equilibrium of the proposed game was studied and it corresponds to a stability point where the network performance was optimized. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme is effective for optimization of network resource utilization, reduction in the energy consumption of the nodes, increasing the transmission sum rate, reduction of interference within the network, and improving the network capacity.
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    Open Access
    Establishment of Electrical Energy Benchmarking Protocol for the Assessment of the Carbon Emissions in Hotel Industry
    (Springerlink.com, 2019) Babatunde, O.M.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Denwigwe, H.I.; Akin-Adeniyi, T.J.
    The hotel industry consumes quite a sizeable quantum of energy. The industry stakeholders contend with energy related challenges; this includes high cost of service provision as a fall out of electricity price as well as poor energy policy. More so, this industry remains an unattractive subsector to both the energy players and succeeding governments (in Nigeria). Due to the great importance of this industry to commerce, tourism and hospitality; it is thus necessary to conduct its energy performance analysis. This will indirectly provide a template for an efficient utilization of energy in the industry. Though there are no creditable national records on energy consumption in this industry in Nigeria, but a well-calibrated energy data treatment method is developed to establish an acceptable protocol using relevant statistical tools. These methods are tested on an empirically selected number of hotels which are actively involved in business activities in Lagos metropolis. The results obtained clearly established that a number of building parameters have a set of measurable influence on energy use, as well as carbon emission, in the hotels. To support this, it is discovered that the relationship between the total floor area (footprint) and number of employees has the highest influence on energy utilization in the hotels.
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    Open Access
    Evaluating the Energy and Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2) Reduction Resulting from Efficient Lighting at the University of Lagos, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2017-12) Babatunde, O.M.; Akinbulire, T.O.; Oluseyi, P.O.; Emezirinwune, M.U.; Shomefun, T.E.
    This study evaluated the economic and environmental potentials of improving the energy efficiency of the lighting technology at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The energy audit report for the Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos before retrofitting shows that all lighting fixtures in the lecture rooms are the 1.2 metre inefficient fluorescent lamps. The cost effectiveness of lighting retrofitting with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode tube (LED) lighting technology alternatives for the lighting system at Faculty of Engineering lecture rooms were analysed using economic indices such as life cycle cost analysis, net present cost, simple payback time, and internal rate of return. Relative to the existing system, installation of the two lighting technology alternatives would result in a 40 % and 72 % reduction of consumed energy respectively. With both technology alternatives paying back in less than two years, the LED technology returned a NPV of $35,791.76 (N12.95M) compared to the $15,261.43 (N5.24M) given back by the CLF lighting fixtures. If the alternative lighting technology that conserves the most electricity was installed, carbon dioxide emissions accompanying electricity usage would be reduced by about 72 % and a savings of 3.84 tonnes of oil would be achieved annually. From the study, it was established that the utilisation of energy efficient lighting system will reduce energy consumption; increase bills savings; and indirectly reduce carbon (IV) oxide emission from the fossil fuel used in powering the lamps
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of a grid-independent solar photovoltaic system for primary health centres (PHCs) in developing countries
    (Elsevier/Science Direct, 2018-03) Babatunde, O.M.; Akinyele, Daniel; Oluseyi, P.O.; Akinbulire, T.O.
    This paper presents the evaluation of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity supply system for rural primary health centres (PHCs) in developing countries, using a PHC at Abadam local government area in North-West Nigeria as a case study. The paper is guided by standards for sizing and estimating the performance of stand-alone PV/battery systems. The research presents PV/battery/inverter capacity, yield and losses, battery state of charge, reliability and load growth analysis. The economic analysis is based on the life cycle cost assessment approach, while the environmental evaluation is considered in terms of the quantity of diesel fuel and carbon emissions avoided by the proposed solar PV system. A PV system capacity of 3.6–6 kW is designed for the clinic’s total daily demand plus 25% load growth, with a yield of 4.6 h/d. This energy system can achieve a high availability over the year. The initial, life cycle, O and M and the replacement costs range from $ 14,356 to $ 14,506, $ 17,909 to $ 18, 080, $ 1534 and $ 4451 to $ 4498, while the cost of energy ranges from $ 0.239 to $ 0.295/kWh. The diesel system which has an initial cost of $ 451 has a relatively higher life cycle cost of $ 38,135–$ 40,460. The proposed PV system has the potential to avoid 8357–8956 kg/year of CO2 after implementation.
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of Mobile Communications in a Predominantly Rocky Area
    (IEC Annual Review of Communications, 2007) Odinma, A. C.; Anyanwu, A. M.; Adelabu, M. A. K.
    Mobile communication in Nigeria is plagued with unprecedented dropped calls, crosstalk, and service unavailability even when the subscribers are credit-worthy. The reasons for such reprehensible observations are either due to natural causes, inadequate network infrastructure, or poor network design parameters. This paper examines the perturbation of mobile communications to ascertain probable causes. The various causes of impairment are examined. Different scenarios of mobile communications environment are presented. Test runs of the four mobile operators’ behavior from a rocky and non-rocky environment in Nigeria are presented. Finally, analysis of percentage call failures and observations are given.
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    Open Access
    GPS Anti-Jamming Techniques Using Smart Antenna Systems
    (AZOJETE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, 2019) Akobundu, G.C.; Gbenga-Ilori, A.O.
    This paper presents a global positioning system (GPS) anti-jamming technique using a smart antenna system. In anti-jamming systems, adaptive array antennas are used to estimate the direction of signals arriving at the antenna and spatially filter the desired signal from the unwanted signals by adaptively controlling the direction of the maximum radiated beam. In this study, the uniform linear array was used for the smart antenna configuration. The work compared the performance of non-blind adaptive algorithms with blind algorithms for adaptive beamforming. Non-blind adaptive algorithm using least mean square (LMS) algorithm and blind algorithm using constant modulus algorithm (CMA) was studied and implemented for adaptive beamforming while estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithms were implemented for the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The effect of varying the number of elements in the antenna array and the required spacing between them was also investigated. Results of comparison carried out using numerical analysis showed that both algorithms performed well for the DOA estimation, with MUSIC algorithm producing a better direction of arrival spectrum with little or no minor peaks. For the beamforming, both LMS and CMA produced maximum radiation in the direction of the desired signal. LMS placed deeper nulls in the directions of interference with faster convergence and fewer errors as compared with CMA that presented errors and was able to suppress the interference to a minimal extent. It was also shown that as the number of elements in the array increases, a more directive beam and DOA spectrum is produced.