Haematology and Blood Transfusion- Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    Use of Protective Devices: Awareness and Practice amongScavengers at Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria
    (JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES, 2007) Osunkalu, VO.; Onajole, AT.; Alalade, AT.; Akanmu, ON.
    Background and Objective: Overpopulation has led to increase in the volume of waste generated inLagos State, and the effect of continuous rural-urban migration has further worsened theunemployment situation, with consequent increase in the number of unemployed youths turning toscavenging to earn a living. This study is aimed at evaluating the level of awareness and practice ofthe use of simple protective devices such as hand gloves, boots and face masks, and the attendanthealth implication for scavengers at three dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria.Methods: The dump sites were selected by simple random sampling from the 9 dump sites in Lagos.These selected dump sites were located at Olososun, Abule-Egba and Solous. A total of 384 scavengerswere initially recruited for this study by simple random sampling after obtaining verbal consent. Ofthese, 300 of the participants (83.3%) actually completed the study. Close ended, structuredquestionnaires were applied to each of the consenting participants.Results: Of the total number of respondents, 75% were aware of the need to use safety devices(hand gloves, face masks, boots and goggles). Use of protective device was highest among the agegroup 30-49. The low percentage utilization of protective device was similar in both sexes (33.6% ofmales and 32.3% of females). However, the highest compliance with usage was among respondentswith tertiary education (44.4%). Fever was the most frequently occurring symptom among therespondents (89.3%). The commonest reason for non use of these protective devices was attributedto cost by 86% of respondents.Conclusion: The level of awareness of the need for the use of protective devices was high amongrespondents. However, the practice of use of these devices, remained very poor.
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    Open Access
    Homocysteine Levels in Nigerian Women with Pre-eclampsis/Eclampsia
    (Sierra Leone J Biomed Res, 2009) Osunkalu, V.O.; Akanmu, A.S.; Adediran, A.; Abudu, O.
    Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been linked in various studies worldwide to the occurrence of cardiovascular disorders and endothelial cell injury. In Nigeria with one of the highest maternal/neonatal mortality and morbidity, it is significant to explore means of predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension. This study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital which is a major referral center in the South-western part of Nigeria. It was set to determine the mean plasma homocysteine levels and corpuscular haemoglobin in pre-eclamptic/eclamptic Nigerian women. A total of 150 subjects consisting of 100 primigravidae and 25 diagnosed cases of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and 25 non-pregnant females were enrolled in the study. 60 primigravidae were lost to follow up or had incomplete data. The mean value of homocysteine in the control group, and eclamptic group was 7.5±3.4 µmol/L and 16.1±6.5 µmol/L respectively. There is positive and significant correlation between plasma homocysteine in the eclamptic group and the mean MCV (r=0.97, p=0.01), and between plasma homocysteine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the eclamptic group (r=0.944, p=0.0001; r=0.98, p=0.0001). The study further supports earlier findings of increased homocysteine levels in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
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    Open Access
    Anti-Inflammatory properties of the fruit of allanblanckia floribunda oliv. (Guttiferae)
    (Botany Research International, 2009) Ayoola, GA.; Akpanika, GA.; Awobajo, FO.; Sofidiya, MO.; Osunkalu, VO.; Coker, HAB.; Odugbemi, TO.
    The present study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the fruits of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. [Guttiferae]. The fruits are traditionally used in the treatment of anti-inflammatory conditions. The methanolic extracts of the fruits (100-400 mg/kg, p.o) inhibited carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats in a dose dependent manner. At 400 mg/kg A. floribunda(AF) produced an inhibition of 76.9% compared to 64.3% for indomethacin (10 mg/kg). Acetylsalicylic acid(100 mg/kg - ASA) did not show significant activity in the inhibition of the neurogenic phase, butwas more active thanA. floribunda in the inhibition of the inflammatory phase of formalin-induce pain.A. floribunda was not active as an anti-inflammatory agent up to 2 h in the histamine-induced rat paw oedema but a significant reduction in paw size was observed after 2 h. This suggests that AF was more active in the later phase of the inflammatory process. AF also reduced hot plate latency in a dose dependent manner. Hot plate latency of 26.8 s was recorded for AF at 400 mg/kg compared to 18.12 s for normal saline and 30.6 s for ASA. LD,, value was determined in Swiss albino mice as 20 g/kg and so can be regarded as relatively safe.
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    Open Access
    Homocysteine Levels in Nigerian Women with Pre-eclampsis/Eclampsia
    (Sierra Leone J Biomed Res, 2009-08) Osunkalu, V.O.; Akanmu, A.S.; Adediran, A.; Abudu, O.
    Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been linked in various studies worldwide to the occurrence of cardiovascular disorders and endothelial cell injury. In Nigeria with one of the highest maternal/neonatal mortality and morbidity, it is significant to explore means of predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension. This study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital which is a major referral center in the South-western part of Nigeria. It was set to determine the mean plasma homocysteine levels and corpuscular haemoglobin in pre-eclamptic/eclamptic Nigerian women. A total of 150 subjects consisting of 100 primigravidae and 25 diagnosed cases of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and 25 non-pregnant females were enrolled in the study. 60 primigravidae were lost to follow up or had incomplete data. The mean value of homocysteine in the control group, and eclamptic group was 7.5±3.4 µmol/L and 16.1±6.5 µmol/L respectively. There is positive and significant correlation between plasma homocysteine in the eclamptic group and the mean MCV (r=0.97, p=0.01), and between plasma homocysteine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the eclamptic group (r=0.944, p=0.0001; r=0.98, p=0.0001). The study further supports earlier findings of increased homocysteine levels in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
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    Open Access
    Homocysteine Levels in Nigerian Women with Pre-eclampsis/Eclampsia
    (Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research, 2009-08) Osunkalu, VO; Akanmu, AS; Adediran, A; Abudu, O
    Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been linked in various studies worldwide to the occurrence of cardiovascular disorders and endothelial cell injury. In Nigeria with one of the highest maternal/neonatal mortality and morbidity, it is significant to explore means of predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension. This study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital which is a major referral center in the South-western part of Nigeria. It was set to determine the mean plasma homocysteine levels and corpuscular haemoglobin in pre-eclamptic/eclamptic Nigerian women. A total of 150 subjects consisting of 100 primigravidae and 25 diagnosed cases of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and 25 non-pregnant females were enrolled in the study. 60 primigravidae were lost to follow up or had incomplete data. The mean value of homocysteine in the control group, and eclamptic group was 7.5±3.4 μmol/L and 16.1±6.5 μmol/L respectively. There is positive and significant correlation between plasma homocysteine in the eclamptic group and the mean MCV (r=0.97, p=0.01), and between plasma homocysteine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the eclamptic group (r=0.944, p=0.0001; r=0.98, p=0.0001). The study further supports earlier findings of increased homocysteine levels in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
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    Open Access
    Preliminary study on the induction of sperm head abnormalities in Mice, Mus musculus, exposed of radiofrequency radiations from global system for mobile communication base station
    (Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2009-10-09) Otitoloju, AA; Obe, LA; Adewale, OA.; Otubanjo, OA.; Osunkalu, VO.
    The exposure of male mice to radiofrequency radiations from mobile phone (GSM) base stations at a workplace complex and residential quarters caused 39.78 and 46.03%, respectively, in sperm head abnormalities compared to 2.13% in control group. Statistical analysis of sperm head abnormality score showed that there was a significant(p\0.05) difference in occurrence of sperm head abnormalities in test animals. The major abnormalities observed were knobbed hook, pin-head and banana-shaped sperm head. The occurrence of the sperm head abnormalities was also found to be dose dependent. The implications of the observed increase occurrence of sperm head abnormalities on the reproductive health of humans living in close proximity to GSM base stations were discussed.
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    Open Access
    Level of Radiofrequency (RF) Radiations from GSM Base Stations and its Biological Effects on Albino Mice, Mus musculus
    (J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 2010) Otitoloju, AA.; Osunkalu, VO.; Obe, IA.; Adewale, OA.; Akinde, OR.
    Levels of radiofrequency radiations around two global systems for mobile communication (GSM) base stations located in the vicinity of a residential quarter and workplace complex were measured. The effects of the radiofrequency radiations on albino mice placed in exposure cages and located around the base stations over a six months period were carried out. The levels of radiofrequency (RF) radiations around the base stations were found to be between 488.51mV/m to 625.49mV/m compared to 59 mV/m in control stations. The results of the weight change experiment showed that over the 180 days of observation, there was weight gain in the exposed and control mice groups. Statistical comparisons of mean weight changes between exposed mice and control mice showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the weight of the test animals. The hematological studies revealed an elevation of white blood cell (WBC) counts in mice exposed to RF radiations compared to control group. There was however no significant (P>0.05) difference between the red blood cell counts in the exposed and control mice. There was also no significant (P>0.05) difference in the hemoglobin and glucose levels in the blood of both exposed and control mice groups. The red blood cells in exposed mice were however found to contain a higher number of macrocytes, poikilocytes, polychromatic cells and fewer target cells than the control mice. Histological studies of the heart and kidney of exposed mice showed only slight tissues deformities in kidneys of exposed mice compared to control. The relevance of these findings in setting radiofrequency radiation exposure guidelines and the need for more studies with widely varying biological parameters is very necessary as Nigeria leaps further into the communication age. @JASEM
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    Open Access
    Homocysteine and folate levels as indicators of cerebrovascular accident
    (Journal of blood medicine, 2010) Osunkalu, VO.; Onajole, AT.; Odeyemi, KA.; Ogunnowo, BA.; Sekoni, AO.; Ayoola, GA.; Adediran, A.; Akinde, OR.; Adeyemo, AT.
    Background: Homocysteinemia has been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders by the American Heart Association.1 Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) is presently ranked as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine homocysteine and folate levels and some basic hematologic parameters in patients who sustain a cerebrovascular accident and those who do not. Methodology: In total, 100 participants were recruited, comprising 40 clinically diagnosed stroke (hemorrhagic or thromboembolic) patients and 60 healthy control subjects. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels were measured. Anticoagulated whole blood samples were evaluated for hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, and mean cell volume (MCV). Results: The mean age of stroke patients was 62 ± 12 years and that of controls was 55 ± 18 years (P = 0.1756). Mean plasma homocysteine levels for stroke patients and controls were 17.7 ± 4.4 µmol/L and 9.5 ± 2.4 µmol/L, respectively (P = 0.0000) and mean plasma folate levels for the groups were 6.5 ± 2.9 µg/dL and 4.0 ± 2.4 µg/dL (P = 0.0407). The MCV for stroke patients was significantly higher than that for controls (85 fl versus 82 fl, P = 0.04). Mean homocysteine levels correlated inversely with Hb and PCV (r = −0.08 and r = −0.122, respectively) and weakly with WBC (P = 0.125). Conclusion: Homocysteinemia is a major predictor of cerebrovascular accident in the black Nigerian population.
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    Open Access
    Hematologic Abnormalities in Treatment-Naïve HIV patients
    (Infectious Disease: Research and Treatment, 2010) Akinbami, A.; Oshinaike, O.; Adeyemo, T.; Adediran, A.; Dosumu, O.; Dada, M.; Durojaiye, I.; Adebola, A.; Osunkalu, V.
    Objectives: Hematologic abnormalities, indicated by a deranged full blood count, are common manifestations and important prognostic tools for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cytopenia and its relationship to the degree of immunosupression in HIV treatment-naïve patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of treatment-naïve HIV-infected clients who enrolled at the HIV clinic of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) between December 2009 and June 2010. Participants had samples taken for full blood count and CD4 counts, which are free routine pre-requisite and pre-treatment evaluations done for all registered HIV patients at LASUTH. They were asked to fill the structured questionnaires to obtain demographic data, with assistance if necessary. Results: A total of 205 cases were reviewed: 24.2% had anemia (PCV , 30%), 26.8% had leucopenia (white blood cell ,4,000/L) and 16.1% had thrombocytopenia (platelet count ,150,000/L) at enrollment. The degree of cytopenia was directly related to the degree of immunosupression. Conclusion: About one-fifth of HIV treatment-naïve patients were cytopenic at enrollment and the degree of cytopenia was directly related to the degree of immunosupression. It is necessary to investigate various causes of cytopenia in these patients so as to administer a specific intervention.
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    Open Access
    MODULATORY ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST THE TOXICITY OF RIFAMPICIN in vivo
    (Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 2010-02) Osunkalu, VO; Awodele, O; Akintonwa, A; Coker, HAB
    The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown concern about the burden of tuberculosis in the developing countries. Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the modulatory effect of vitamins C and E on the hepatotoxicity, sperm quality and brain toxicity of Rifampicin. Forty Wistar albino rats were used, 10 animals per group. Group 1 animals received 0.3 mL of distilled water, the Group 2 animals received the therapeutic dose of rifampicin, Group 3 animals received therapeutic doses of rifampicin plus vitamin E, while Group 4 received therapeutic doses of rifampicin and vitamin C. The administration was performed orally during three months; the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of that period. Blood samples were collected and liver function and lipid profile was analyzed using fully automated clinical chemistry device. The liver, brain and reproductive organs underwent histopathological examination. Sperm samples were collected from the epididymis to achieve count and motility and morphological analysis. Results showed rifampicin alone to raise (p < 0.05) liver function enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase [AST], Serum alanine amino transferase [ALT] and Total Bilirubin) when compared with controls. While the vitamin E treated group showed remarkable protection, the vitamin C treated group showed questionable protection against the rifampicin induced liver damage. Sperm count results showed an important (p < 0.05) increase in the sperm quality in vitamin E and C treated groups. However, the vitamin E plus Rifampicin treated group showed increased lipid peroxidation. The histopathological findings revealed structural damages by rifampicin in liver, brain and epididymis while some remarkable architectural integrity was observed in the antioxidant-treated groups. It can be concluded that vitamin E or C improved sperm quality and protected against the brain damage caused by rifampicin. Moreover, vitamin E demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotection against rifampicin induced damage while vitamin C shows a questionable hepatoprotection.
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    Open Access
    Care seeking determinants among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria
    (Sierra Leone J Biomed Res, 2010-06) Onajole, AT.; Dolapo, CD.; Osunkalu, VO.; Uwem, E.; Adenike, E.; Odiakosa, A.; Okpechi Felix-Mary, U.
    Adolescents often lack basic reproductive health information, knowledge, and access to affordable confidential health services for reproductive health. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to examine the careseeking determinants of adolescents accessing the adolescentfriendly services at the Action Health Incorporated Adolescent Clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information about demographics; past medical history; family history; reproductive/sexual history. The study was explained to the adolescents and their consent was obtained before interviewing them. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 15. A multiple logistic regression was used to model the relationship between client facility-use status and selected individual characteristics. Odd ratio and confidence interval were computed, and a level of significance of 0.05 was chosen. The mean age of the adolescent was 16.3 ± 2.8 years. A high proportion (77.5%) of them reported not to be sexually active. Thelogistic regression model identified preferred/adopted contraceptive during last visit (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.35 to 1.00), sexual status (OR = 0.40, 95% C.I= 0.27 to 0.60) and religion OR = 2.04, 95% C.I = 1.43 to 2.92) as determinantsof adolescents’ booking for a re-visit to the clinic. The determinants of adolescents’ booking for re-visit to Action Health Incorporated clinic were preferred/adopted contraceptive during last visit, sexual status and religion. The implication of this may be that those who did not book for re-visits felt that they were not adequately benefiting from the services rendered at the clinic. More varieties of adolescentfriendly services that meet the needs of all adolescents should be included at the clinic
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    Open Access
    Haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations of pregnant women at term
    (Obstetric Medicine, 2011) Adediran, A; Gbadegesin, A; Adeyemo, T.A; Akinbami, A.A; Akanmu, A.S; Osunkalu, V; Ogbenna, A.A; Oremosu, A
    Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is defined as haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations of less than 11 g/dL while low ferritin is defined as serum ferritin (SR) levels of less than 10 mg/L. Hb and ferritin concentrations of pregnant women at term were determined to establish their mean values and to determine the prevalence of anaemia in our locality. Methods: Haemoglobin and ferritin levels of 170 non-smoking and HIV-negative pregnant women were determined at term. The majority 143 of 170 (84.1%) of the pregnant women recruited for the study, booked at the beginning of the second trimester and received 200 mg elemental iron in three divided doses and 5 mg folic acid daily which were commenced at booking. Five millilitres of blood were collected from each patient at term into EDTA bottles for full blood count analysis and another 5 mL into plain bottles for SR assay. Results: The mean Hb and ferritin values were 10.9+1.9 and 47.84+98.39 mg/L, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia at term was 46.4%. Only 11.2% (19 of 170) of pregnant women at term had low SR (iron stores). A statistically significant relationship was found between women’s education and SR (P 1⁄4 0.032). Booking status also correlated directly with SR and haemoglobin concentrations, while increasing age and parity did not. Conclusion: About half of the patients were anaemic. Iron deficiency is not the major cause of anaemia in pregnancy in this study because the majority of the pregnant women had normal iron stores. Education and booking status are possible factors that con- tribute to anaemia.
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    Open Access
    Plasma folate studies in HIV-positive patients at the Lagos university teaching hospital, Nigeria
    (Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 2011-05-02) Akanmu, AS; Osunkalu, VO; Adediran, A; Adeyemo, TA; Onogu, E; Akinde, Ralph; Coker, HAB
    Introduction: In various studies globally, the prevalence of anemia in persons with HIV infection range from 10 to 20% at initial presentation, and anemia is diagnosed in 70 to 80% of these patients over the course of HIV disease. The etiology of anemia in this group of patients has not been fully established, thus a need to evaluate the role of plasma folate as a possible etiological factor. Objective: This study was set to determine plasma folate levels in newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, HIV-positive patients, and relate this to other hematological changes. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 participants were recruited for this study, of which 100 were HIV positive, treatment naive patients who were recruited at the point of registration and 100 were HIV-negative subjects (controls). 5 ml of venous blood was collected and plasma extracted for folic acid estimation by HPLC. A full blood count, CD4 and Viral load were estimated. Results: Mean ages for control and study group were 38 ± 2.3 and 32 ± 1.7 years, respectively. Mean plasma folate concentration among the study group (5.04 μg/l) was significantly lower than that for the control group (15.89 μg/l; P = 0.0002). Prevalence of anemia among the study group was 72% (144 of 200), with a mean hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 9.5 g/dl compared with mean Hb of 13.0 g/dl among the control group (P = 0.002). Plasma folate correlated positively with CD4 cell count (r = 0.304, P<0.05) and inversely with the viral load (r = -0.566; P<0.05). Conclusion: Plasma folate level is a predictor of anemia in early HIV infections
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    Open Access
    Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibody in HIV-infected patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital
    (Dovepress - International Journal of Womens Health, 2011-09-05) Osunkalu, V.O; Akanmu, S.A; Ofomah, N.J; Onyiaorah, I.V; Adediran, A; Akinde, R.O; Onwuezobe, I.A
    Background Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. With the advent of the HIV pandemic in Nigeria, toxoplasmic encephalitis has become one of the more frequent opportunistic infections and the most commonly implicated cause of focal brain lesions complicating the course of AIDS. Objectives This study was conducted to compare the pattern of seroprevalence of T. gondii (Toxo-IgG) antibodies among HIV-infected persons presenting with neurological complications and those without. Materials and methods Plasma specimens collected from 380 subjects were tested for Toxo- IgG antibodies by enzyme immunoassay technique and CD4 estimation by flow cytometry. Close-ended questionnaires were applied to all respondents to collect relevant data, with ethical approval from the hospital ethical committee. Plasma was obtained from two study groups comprising 300 HIV-positive respondents without neurological presentations, and 80 HIV-positive respondents with neurological complications. Results Seroprevalence of Toxo-IgG antibodies was 58% in the HIV-positive study group without neurological complications (of these, 79.2% were males and 38.5% were females) and 40% in the study group with neurological complications (46.2% of these were males and 28.6% were females). The overall seroprevalence of Toxo-IgG antibodies among the HIV-positive respondents (with and without neurological complications) was 54.2% (206 of 380). Seroprevalence of Toxo-IgG antibodies was lowest among the educated subjects (19% of the respondents with tertiary education) and among females in both study groups. A higher proportion of the subjects with neurological complications had CD4 cell count <100 cells/μL compared with respondents without neurological defects (39% vs 22.7%; P = 0.000), but the seroprevalence of Toxo-IgG antibodies was higher in subjects without neurological complications (45% vs 31.3%; P = 0.000). Conclusion Toxoplasmosis, though an important opportunistic infection in our environment, may not account for the majority of neurological complications observed in patients with HIV infection in our center. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii antibody (Toxo-IgG), seroprevalence, neurological complication
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    Open Access
    Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringaoleifera Lam.(Moringaceae)
    (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011-11-27) Awodele, O; Oreagba, IA; Odoma, S; Jaime, AT; Osunkalu, VO
    Ethnopharmacological relevance The rapid increase in consumption of herbal remedies worldwide has been stimulated by several factors, including the notion that all herbal products are safe and effective. However, over the past decade, several news-catching episodes in developed communities indicated adverse effects, sometimes life-threatening, allegedly arising as a consequence to taking herbal products or traditional medicines from various ethnic groups. Despite the popular use of Moringa oleifera for treating various disorders, there is limited or no scientific data available regarding safety aspects of this remedy, nor are there any documented toxicological studies that can be used to ascertain the safety index of its herbal preparation. Therefore, this present study aimed to carry out extensive toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. Materials and Methods In an acute toxicity test, male Wistar albino mice were orally administered an aqueous extract up to 6400 mg/kg and intraperitoneally up to 2000 mg/kg. A sub-chronic toxicity test was performed by daily administration with the extract at 250, 500 and 1500 mg/kg orally for 60 days. Control rats received distilled water. Sperm quality was analyzed, haematological and biochemical (liver enzymes, urea and creatinine) parameters were determined and a histopathological examination was carried out. Results The LD50 was estimated to be 1585 mg/kg. The extract did not elicit any significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in sperm quality, haematological and biochemical parameters in the treated rats compared to the control. Moreover, there was no significant difference in weight gain of the control and treated animals although there was a dose-dependent reduction in food consumption of the animals treated with 250 to 1500 mg/kg extract. Conclusions Results obtained in this study suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera is relatively safe when administered orally.
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    Open Access
    Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies amongst normal pregnant women in Nigeria
    (Dovepress - International Journal of Womens Health, 2011-12-16) Akinbami, A.A; Rabiu, K.A; Adewunmi, A.A; Wright, K.O; Dosunmu, A.O; Adeyemo, T.A; Adediran, A; Osunkalu, V.O
    Objective Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous virus belonging to the herpes family, is known to be transmitted frequently to developing fetuses in pregnancy. In an immunocompromised state like pregnancy, primary infection through blood transfusion or reactivation of a latent CMV infection can cause severe illness. The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to cytomegalovirus amongst pregnant women in correlation with previous exposure to blood transfusion. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out amongst 179 HIV negative pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Nigeria. Five mL of blood was collected and stored in a plain bottle, centrifuged on the same day and the serum stored at −20°C. All samples were screened for anti-CMV IgG antibodies using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Consenting participants were instructed to fill a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain demographic and other related information. Statistical analysis of the results was done using Pearson’s chi squared test for analytical assessment. Results A total of 97.2% of the pregnant women recruited for this study were anti-CMV IgG positive. Out of the 179 recruited for the study 174 responded to the question on previous history of blood transfusion, 14.9% of the respondents (26 of 174) had a previous history of blood transfusion and all tested positive to the anti-CMVIgG antibody. However, past history of blood transfusion and educational level were found to be insignificant to the risk of acquiring CMV infection. Conclusion The seroprevalence of the CMV antibody amongst pregnant women in this environment is high in relation to findings in other developing countries. There is the need to assess anti-CMV immunoglobulin M antibodies in pregnant women, which is a determinant of active infection. Keywords: CMV, IgG, pregnant women
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    Open Access
    Steady state hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in homozygous sickle cell disease patients in Lagos, Nigeria
    (Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 2012) Akinbami, A; Dosunmu, AO; Adediran, A; Oshinaike, O; Adebola, P; Osunkalu, VO; Arogundade, O; Adelekan, O
    Background: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin causing myriad of pathology including anemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the baseline values of steady state hemoglobin and packed cell volume as a guide to managing the early recognition of hemolytic crises in sickle cell anemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the sickle cell patients attending the Sickle Cell clinic of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. A blood sample of 4.5 ml blood was collected from each participant for hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. All blood samples were also screened for HIV and hemoglobin phenotypes were done using cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Results: A total of 98 subjects in steady state were recruited, consisting of 53 (54.1%) females and 45 (45.9%) males. The overall means were 7.92±1.49 and 24.46±4.76; a female mean of 7.73±1.45; 23.89±4.60, and a male mean of 8.14±1.54 and 25.14±4.91 were obtained for hemoglobin and packed cell volume, respectively. Sixty – nine of the 98 (70.40%) subjects have been previously transfused with blood. Conclusion: The mean hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in males was higher than females. The overall mean was lower than what was expected for age and sex. Over two-third of sickle cell anemia population had been transfused.
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    Open Access
    Haematological effects of radiofrequency radiation from GSM base stations on four successive generations (F1-F4) of albino mice, Mus Musculus
    (Journal of environmental and Ocuupational science, 2012) Otitoloju, AA; Osunkalu, VO; Oduware, R; Idowu, AO; Adekola, OA
    Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the haematological effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation from Global Systems for Mobile Communication (GSM) base stations on four successive generations of albino mice Mus musculus were evaluated. Methods: Each generation of mice were exposed to the RF radiation from birth till they reproduced and blood samples collected. After the mice had given birth to the young ones and weaned off, the parent group was sacrificed and 500μl of blood was obtained. Estimation of hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, platelet count, red blood cell count, lymphocyte, pack cell volume (PCV) and red cell indices were carried out using electronic coulter counter. Results: The level of radiofrequency radiation around the base station was found to range between 0.6129V/m to 1.695V/m. In the successive generations of mice, a pattern of pancytosis was observed and significant increases were observed in the Packed Cell Volume, White Blood Cell Count, Platelet Count and Red Blood Cell Count. Conclusion: In the successive generations of exposed mice, a pattern of pancytosis was observed, as well as, an increase in the haemopoetic process which caused significant effects on bone marrow stem cell proliferation of differentiation. The effects of chronic exposure to radiofrequency radiations on peripheral blood parameters is found to be sufficient to apply the precautionary principle to discourage the indiscriminate location of GSM base stations in areas where prolonged exposure to radiofrequency radiations are likely to occur.
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    Open Access
    Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Among Blood Donors: The Experience in a Nigerian Blood Transfusion Service Centre
    (Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2013) Dapus, D.O; Piwuna, T.O; Joseph, D.E; Ogbenna, A.A; Kut, S.D; Godit, P; Bodunde, T; Chetle, L.D
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the blood borne viral agents of significant worldwide medical concern because of post transfusion hepatitis. This study is to determine baseline data on HCV in our blood service to guide future planning towards the quality of blood transfusion. All consenting blood donors between January and March 2013 were screened with ELISA for hepatitis C virus antibody and their ABO blood groups determined. The subjects were 2382 (87.5%) voluntary and 339 (12.5%) family replacement blood donors. The overall prevalence of HCV antibody among our subjects was 6.1%. There were 156 (6.6%) sero positive HCV reactions among the voluntary blood donors which is significantly higher than 10 (3.0%) observed among family replacement donors; p=0.01. The sex prevalence of HCV among the male and female donors were 6.2% and 5.9% respectively; p=0.7. The highest prevalence of 12.6% was recorded among donors aged 46-55 years. The rate of HCV antibody positivity was 8.4% among new voluntary non remunerated blood donors, 2.5%, 3.0%, and 8.6% among regular voluntary non remunerated blood donors, family replacement blood donors and lapsed donors respectively. The differences in the HCV prevalence among the ABO blood groups were not significant; p>0.05. We conclude that HCV infection is common among all types of blood donors.
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    Open Access
    Cord blood haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in newborns of anaemic and non‐anaemic mothers in Lagos, Nigeria
    (Nigerian Medical Journal, 2013) Adediran, A; Gbadegesin, A; Adeyemo, T.A; Akinbami, A; Osunkalu, V; Ogbenna, A.A; Akanmu, A.S
    Background: Pre‐delivery haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of anaemic and non‐anaemic mothers were determined, and cord blood haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of their newborns were compared. This is to establish the mean values for pre‐delivery haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of anaemic and non‐anaemic mothers and the cord blood haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of their newborns at term. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was done involving 142 pregnant women and their newborns. They were divided into two groups – the anaemic group (n = 65) and the non‐anaemic (n = 77) group. Five millilitres of blood was collected from each woman and 2 ml was collected from the cord of their newborns into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bottle and plain bottle for full blood count analysis and ferritin assay, respectively. Results: The mean pre‐delivery haemoglobin concentrations of the women in anaemic group and non‐anaemic group were 9.5 ± 1.01 g/dl and 12.15 ± 1.07 g/dl, respectively, and their mean serum ferritin concentrations were 64.45 ± 138.76 μg/l and 32.83 ± 35.36 μg/l, respectively. The mean cord blood haemoglobin concentrations for anaemic and for non‐anaemic groups were 12.54 ± 2.54 g/dl and 13.44 ± 2.23 g/dl (P = 0.02), respectively, and the mean cord blood serum ferritin concentrations (non‐anaemic, 69.38 ± 78.88 μg/l; anaemic, 7.26 ± 115.60 μg/l)(P = 0.00) were higher in the newborns of non‐anaemic than of anaemic mothers. Significant association was found between maternal anaemia and cord blood ferritin concentrations (P = 0.025). Conclusion: Maternal anaemia has significant effects on cord blood haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations.