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- ItemOpen AccessEducation, legitimation, and crisis(1984) Ninalowo, A.Both the functionalist and the "reproductive" radical paradigms of formal education, though rooted in divergent ideologies, proclaim that the system of education helps to legitimate the socio-political status quo. We noted, however, that the assumption by both paradigms that students passively internalize the dominant norms and values which the school teaches is not invariably tenable. Alternatively, it was suggested that students quite often only selectively internalize from various diverse cues pertaining to the dominant norms and values presented by educators along with other agents of socialization. Therefore, it was argued that the factor of "selective internalization" coupled with the social axiom of the discord between reality (what is) and ideal (what ought to be) conduce to crisis. The body of evidence demonstrates that, in addition to its role as an agent of legitimation the system of education (the primary emphasis is on higher education) mediates the dialectical relationship between legitimation and crisis
- ItemOpen AccessScientific Ethos, Authoritarian Regimes and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa(CODESRIA, 1995) Ninalowo, A.L'auteur part de l'hypothèse que les régimes autoritaires sortì incompatibles avec certains principes fondamentaux de l'éthique scientifique et que par conséquent les conditions d'existence de ces régimes s'opposent à tout changement social progressiste parce que la rationalité scientifique constitue un desideratum important et une condition sine qua non de tout changement social significatif. L 'auteur élabore un modèle théorique pouvant contribuer à mieux faire comprendre les rapports imbriqués et dynamiques entre les régimes autoritaires et la science par rapport au changement social, cela dans le cadre de la recherche de formes alternatives socio-économiques et politiques en Afrique au Sud du
- ItemOpen AccessThe State, Legitimation and Human-centered Development(CODESRIA, 1996) Ninalowo, A.L'article propose un paradigme qui conceptualise la légitimation, essentiellement à deux niveaux: (1) la légitimation juridique/rationnelle par laquelle le gouvernement maintien sa domination presque exclusivement par la promulgation de lois et de décrets, une fois que la classe politique s'empare du pouvoir, soit à la faveur des urnes, soit par des moyens coercitifs. (2) Il existe également un type de légitimation qu 'on appelle encore légitimité socio-économique Pour l'essentiel, on soutient que les attributs du processus de légitimation socio-politique, constituent en même temps les caractéristiques significatives d'une véritable culture démocratique. Par ailleurs, il est dit que, du point de vue conceptuel, la légitimation socio-politique recouvre le type légal/rationnel mais pas / 'inverse en termes concrets, empiriques
- ItemOpen AccessImperatives of disciplne and good character to successful campus life(2006) Amaike, G.O.
- ItemOpen AccessChallenges of parenting as a student(John West Publishers, 2006) Eshiet I.For most new entrants into the university, the reality of becoming an undergraduate is not only exciting and stimulating but also self-fulfilling. However, becoming a new entrant into the university system could be quite challenging and daunting, as new entrants are often confronted with the challenge of transiting into their new status as 'undergraduate students' with the attendant roles, expectations and performances. This chapter examines the challenges faced by new entrants into the university, with a focus on parenting students, using both primary and secondary data. Finding reveals that parenting students do face a lot of challenges, as they try to navigate the two competing roles of being a student and parent. However, there is a gender differential in the challenges and experiences of male and female parenting students, due to the societal ascribed gender roles for men and women. There are however solutions to these challenges. The chapter therefore, offers practical tips on how to overcome the challenges and become a successful student and parent.
- ItemOpen AccessFamily background, sexual behaviour, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability of female street hawkers in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria(Wiley, 2006-03) Oyefara, J.L.This article examines the sexual behaviour and the HIV/AIDS knowledge and vulnerability of female street hawkers in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 126 female street hawkers under 18 were sampled in a cross‐sectional survey and six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to generate data from respondents. Data on sexual behaviour reveal that 79.4% of respondents are sexually active, while 62.6% of them initiated sexual intercourse at 11 years old or below. Data on knowledge about HIV/AIDS show that all the respondents have heard about the pandemic. Specifically, 64.3% and 35.7% of respondents mentioned sexual intercourse and blood contact as major routes for HIV transmission, respectively. Only 7.1% of the respondents use condoms during sexual intercourse. FGD data show significant relationships between sexual behaviour and condom use and the poverty level of the families, parental neglect, and poor parent – child communication. Since female street hawkers in Nigeria are highly vulnerable to HIV infection, the government and NGOs working on the prevention of HIV/AIDS should pay special attention to children, especially urban street hawkers.
- ItemOpen AccessAdolescent Sexuality Education and the Cost of the Conspiracy of Silence: Lessons from Nigeria(SSRN, 2006-12) Bammeke, F.O.This study seeks to evaluate the extent of the knowledge of sexuality education among in-school adolescents as well as ascertain the sources of their knowledge. It also seeks to establish the relationship between knowledge of sexuality issues and sexual behavior. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, the study obtained data from 1350 adolescents in State–owned senior secondary schools in Lagos state, Nigeria. Findings from the study show that majority of the adolescents had, at one time or the other, been confused about relationship with members of the opposite sex, their bodies and even relationships with friends of the same sex. Although adolescents acknowledged that parents had prepared them for changes in their bodies more than their friends, such preparation did not include information on sex, prevention of pregnancy or what to expect in a relationship. Friends/classmates constitute adolescents’ first source of information on these issues and they are the ones from whom adolescents seek counsel when they are confused. The study underscores the need to break the silence surrounding sexuality in Nigeria as in other African societies.
- ItemOpen AccessPoverty, Sexual Practices and Vulnerability of Female Sex Workers to HIV/AIDS Pandemic in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria.(2007) Oyefara, J.L.The objectives of this study were to know those factors that made women to join sex industry and effects of these factors on the practice of safe sex by female sex workers in Lagos metropolis within the context of HIV/AIDS pandemic. To achieve these objectives, quantitative and qualitative research methods were adopted. In the quantitative method, 320 female sex workers were sampled in a cross-sectional survey, while 20 in-depth interviews were conducted among the respondents in the qualitative method. Findings of the study showed that female sex workers in the metropolis were young ladies in their early twenties because the mean age of respondents was 23.8 years. Data on family socio-economic background revealed that 74.4% of the respondents were from poor family, while 85.6% of them grew up from one or two-room apartment. 35.0% of the respondents stated that poverty made them to join sex industry. It is instructive to know that all the respondents had knowledge about the existence of HIV/AIDS and 81.9% of them identified sexual intercourse as major route of HIV transmission. There is significant relationship between poverty, educational level, ever contraction of STIs, charging of higher price for “flesh to flesh” sexual contact and consistent use of condom by sex workers at P<0.01. Specifically, only 24.7% of the respondents were using condom regularly in each of the sexual acts. Poverty is a major factor that pushed young women into prostitution and this same factor hindered them from practising safe sex. Thus, programmes that will reduce poverty level should be developed in order to reduce rapid transmission of HIV infection in the country.
- ItemOpen AccessOn the Crisis of Underdevelopment(Prime Publications, 2007) Ninalowo, A.
- ItemOpen AccessKnowledge and Attitude of Nigerian Female Undergraduate Students Toward STIs/HIV/AIDS Pandemic: University of Lagos Example(2007) Oyefara, J.L.; Bisiriyu, L.A.This study examines the knowledge and attitude of female undergraduate students in Nigeria toward STIs/HIV/AIDS pandemic. Quantitative research technique was adopted to examine this objective using University of Lagos female students as study population. The specific research method adopted in the study is cross-sectional survey and total of 200 female students were randomly sampled during the period of data collection. Results of the study reveal that 75.0 percent of respondents are sexually active and many of them have multiple sexual partners. Consequently, about 10.5 percent of the sampled female students have contracted at least one form of STIs or the other. There is a significant association between current marital status of the female students and contraction of STIs at P < 0.01. Specifically, 33.3% of separated female students have ever contracted at least one form of STDs compared with 7.5 percent among single female students. In addition, there is a significant association between level of study and contraction of STDs by female students at P < 0.01. In particular, 60.0 percent of extra-years students reported that they have ever contracted STDs compared with 16.7 percent among 100-200 female students. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS pandemic is 100.0 percent and the students were able to mention the three main routes of contracting HIV infection. Responses on the perception of female students about HIV/AIDS show that about 81.0 percent belief that HIV/AIDS is actually in existence, but 19.0 percent stated that it is not real. In addition, 34.0 percent of the respondents argued that HIV/AIDS is curable. Information on practice of safe sex among sexually active students reveals that only 41.0 percent of them are using condom regularly during sexual intercourse. This shows that many of the sexually active undergraduate female students in Nigeria are highly vulnerable to the contraction of STIs/HIV. In conclusion, more effort should be put together to educate students of higher institutions in Nigeria about STIs/HIV/AIDS epidemic. This will remove erroneous belief about the disease and also encourage safe sex among them.
- ItemOpen AccessUrbanization, Gender and the Informal Labour Sector in Africa(International Institute of Social History (IISH), 2007) Eshiet I.Urbanisation as a strategy of development has a differential impact on men and women. These differences are particularly accentuated by the peripheral nature of African urbanisation. One of the regrettable impacts of contemporary urbanisation in Africa is its ability to undermine women’s traditional spheres of power and influence, while at the same time creating new conditions for their further dependence. The informal sector as a social and economic category is one such condition. Limited by the stringent requirements and gender segregation current within the formal sector, women have turned to the informal sector, as a survival strategy within the urban socio-economic milieu. However, informal sector work offers only slight relief to women from their grinding poverty. Informal women workers are subject to double exploitation. First, as a proletarian group within the informal sector, which is characterised by low wages, low productivity and precarious working conditions. Second, as women, a gender that occupies a subordinate position in the gender order in society. For even within the informal sector, women are still discriminated against, in terms of wages and other facilities that would otherwise enhance their productivity and socio-economic status. This paper assesses women’s activities in the urban informal sector and observes that the regulatory and policy environment has been hostile to these activities.
- ItemOpen AccessFood insecurity, HIV/AIDS pandemic and sexual behaviour of female commercial sex workers in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria(Routledge, 2007-02) Oyefara, J.L.This study examined the role of hunger and food insecurity in the sexual behaviour of female commercial sex workers in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria within the context of HIV/AIDS. In addition, the study investigated the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and induced abortion among the respondents. Cross-sectional survey and in-depth interview research methods were adopted to generate both quantitative and qualitative data from the respondents. Findings of the study showed that 35.0% of the respondents joined the sex industry because of poverty and lack of other means of getting daily food. While all the respondents had knowledge about the existence of HIV/AIDS, 82.0% of them identified sexual intercourse as a major route of HIV transmission. There was a significant relationship between poverty, food insecurity and consistent use of condoms by female sex workers at P<0.01. Specifically, only 24.7% of the respondents used condoms regularly in every sexual act. Consequently, 51.6% had previous cases of STIs. The most prevalent STI among the respondents was gonorrhea, with 76.4% prevalence among ever infected female sex workers. This was followed by syphilis with a prevalence of 21.1%. In addition, 59.1% of the sample had become pregnant while on the job and 93.1% of these pregnancies were aborted through induced abortion. In conclusion, hunger and malnutrition were the factors that pushed young women into prostitution in Nigeria and these same factors hindered them from practicing safe sex within the sex industry. Thus, it is recommended that the Nigerian government should develop programmes that will reduce hunger and food insecurity, in order to reduce rapid transmission of HIV infection in the country.
- ItemOpen AccessBeyond the school: Gender of household head and children’s educational performance in Lagos state(Common Ground Research Networks, 2008) Bammeke, F.O.The lives of children are intricately tied to the ability of the household head to provide for them. The quality of life in a household may also be tied to whether or not the household head is a man or woman. This study seeks to ascertain the veracity of the assumption that children in female-headed households tend to have poorer educational performance than children in male-headed households. To achieve this objective, tests were administered on children selected from public schools in Mainland and Badagry local government areas of Lagos State who were also followed up to their households. The study found no significant statistical difference in the mean scores of children in both households. It however found that certain support factors influenced children’s educational performance. These were parents’ education, children’s access to books and regularity at school. Others were adults’ supervision of children’s school work, parents’ ability to pay fees and time available for children to do homework. The study underscores the importance of mothers’ education and suggests state support for children in households where support factors are lacking.
- ItemOpen AccessPronatalism: An Antithetical Value to Nigeria’s Reforms(2008) Kunnuji, M.O.N.Inspite of Nigeria’s heterogeneity, certain values are common to all the elements. One of such values is pronatalism which is defined as beliefs and practices that underlie preference for many children. The paper appraises the stance of government on population matters over the years and notes that the co-incidence of the ills of rapid population growth and non-responsive governance has, more than any other factor, contributed to the present state of socio-political deformation. Therefore, (based on this diagnosis) it is advocated that a negation of the value of pronatalism be factored into the reforms, if they must work
- ItemOpen AccessUrbanization, Gender and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa(2008) Eshiet, I.In recent times, manifestations of poverty which are particularly striking have been related to the Urbanization, Feminization and Africanisation of poverty. It is currently estimated that about half of the poor live in the urban areas and this figure is drastically increasing with 90% in Latin America, 45% in Asia and 40% in Africa. Although in statistical terms, Africa presents the lowest rates of urban poverty and urbanization worldwide, however, it is also the region where the pace and scope of urban poverty is the highest. According to the United Nations (2003), 71% of city dwellers in SubSaharan Africa are poor. Thus, rapid urbanization is one of the most significant processes affecting Africa and shaping her future. The consequence of this is a radical transformation in the structure of urban centers, accompanied by complex social, economic and environmental changes. Thus, urbanization as a strategy of development, within peripheral capitalist states, generates and accentuates many of the contradictions it was supposed to solve, and women as producers and consumers both in the rural and urban areas have increasingly become victims of these contradictions. Women, become more of the victims of urbanization as their status declines with their diminished productive role in the transition to an urban economy based on wage labour. Women become particularly vulnerable to poverty as gender interacts at every facet of life to create, reproduce and perpetuate female’s poverty, hence the feminization of poverty. Thus, a gender analysis of urban poverty becomes necessary, as this stands to illuminate the processes and dynamics of poverty, and hence, further enrich our understanding of the phenomenon of urbanization and poverty.
- ItemOpen AccessTrafficking in Women in Nigeria: Poverty of Values or Inequality?(Taylor and Francis, 2009) Attoh, F.The existence of transnational trafficking syndicates is indicative that trafficking in women has become a global scourge. It is a violation of all known canons of human rights and dignity. Unfortunately, there exists little awareness of the ramifications of the phenomenon especially in a developing country like Nigeria. The paper examines the ramifications of this illicit trade in women. Using the In-depth interview method, the author examines the erosion of values within the Nigerian society vis-a-vis the material inequality between the industrialized North and a developing country like Nigeria. Anchoring the analysis on Robert Merton’s theory of Anomie the paper concludes that trafficking in women is accentuated by the disparity in income between the industrialized North and the poor South.
- ItemOpen AccessSocio-Economic Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing in Osun State, Nigeria(2009) Oyefara, J.L.This study examines the socio-economic consequences of women’s age at first childbirth in Osun State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional survey of 1,000 women, of reproductive age (15-49 years), was made. The socioeconomic backgrounds of the responding pre-childbirth family were reflected upon and observed that all the respondents had similar pre-childbirth socio-economic background. The only discriminatory variable separating the respondents into two groups was the timing of the first childbirth. The first group consisted of 500 women, who had their first childbirth under the age of 20. The second group consisted of 500 women, who had their first childbirth at the age of 20 and above. Findings show significant direct relationship between age at first childbirth and educational attainment at P<0.01. In addition to above the first childbirth during adolescence had less or no chance to join school for further study. There is significant inverse relationship between the age at first childbirth and marital stability at P<0.01. In conclusion, the women in the States, who have their first childbirth as adolescent, are more likely to have poor socio-economic status at adulthood than those who delay childbearing until their twenties.
- ItemOpen AccessThe internet and adolescent sexuality in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria: Influence of online sexual activities on real life sexual behaviour of adolescents(Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010) Kunnuji, M.O.N.Adolescent pre-martial sexual activities often come with sexual health problems such as HIV/AIDS and pregnancies not planned for. While society contends with this social problem, the forces of globalization through the internet offer a wide range of sexuality related information, some of which expose adolescents to risk-bearing practices. Earlier works on adolescent sexuality in Nigeria have drawn attention to the roles of family socio- economic background, peer influence, prolongation of adolescence resulting from longer years of schooling, and a number of other factors in shaping adolescent sexuality. The role of online sexual activities, a rather recent phenomenon, in shaping adolescent sexuality in Nigeria remains, however, an area yet to be addressed by researchers. This work set out, therefore, to examine the effect of general online exposure to sexuality related information and involvement in online sexual activities on real life sexual practices among adolescents in metropolitan Lagos using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods
- ItemOpen AccessInterrogating the adequacy of Nigeria's old age support systems in era of globalization(2010) Amaike, G.O.Texts attached
- ItemOpen AccessGender, household headship and children’s educational performance in Nigeria: Debunking the myth of poor performance in female-headed households(2010) Bammeke, F.OThis study examines how gender interacts with household headship to influence children’s educational performance. It evaluates the educational performance of children in senior secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria by whether they live in male or female-headed households. The study shows no significant statistical difference in the performance of children in male and female-headed households, but shows that parents’ educational level, especially women’s formal education, influences their children’s educational performance. The study reveals that children’s educational performance is also dependent on support factors in the household. It also shows that though women heading households without partners may experience more constraint in terms of resources, they often strive to ensure that their children do not fulfill society’s expectation of poor performance. The study concludes on the need to empower household heads if their children must access knowledge, an important measure of human development.