Department Of Cell Biology & Genetics

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https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/3374
The department of Biology was instituted in 1966 as the third department in the defunct School of Biological Sciences. The other departments were Botany and Zoology. In its early years, the department was responsible for the Preliminary Biology, Medicine and related disciplines, NCE (Biology) and B.Sc. Education Biology programmes. Consequent on a deliberate recruitment of the requisite staff by the department, the senate in 1971/72 approved a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Biology.

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    Open Access
    91-day Oral Toxicity Evaluation of a Herbal Preparation Used in the Management of Breast Tumour in Southwestern Nigeria using Mice
    (Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012) Oloyede, A. M.; Okpuzor, J.; Omidiji, O. O.
    Full texts attached
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    Open Access
    Acute Toxicity of Mercury (HgCl2) to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus
    (Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2012-03) Guedenon, P.; Edorh, A.P.; Hounkpatin, A.S.Y.; Alimba, C.G.; Ogunkanmi, L.A.; Nwokejiegbe, E.G.; Boko, M.
    In order to assess the acute toxicity of mercury on Clarias gariepinus, 108 fish of mean weight 51.27 g ± 2.01 and mean length 20. 2 cm ± 0.72 were divided into six groups of six fish each. The different groups were exposed to the different concentrations of 0 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L, 1 mg/L et 1.50 mg/L for a period of 96 hours. The experiment was triplicated. The results revealed that all the fish of groups exposed to 0 mg/L of HgCl2 (control) survived whereas all the fish of groups exposed to 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L died. The determination of 96 hours LC50 was carried out by computing the mortality results in Probit program of SPSS (version 17.0). The median lethal concentration was 0.60 mg/L with lower and upper confidence limits of 0.135 mg/L and 3.519 mg/L respectively at 95%
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    Open Access
    Air quality management in Botswana
    (Clean Air Journal, 2017-03-18) Akinola, M. O.; Lekonpane, M.; Dada, E. O.
    This paper examines air pollution situation and the history of air quality management in Botswana. The current air quality management in Botswana is still largely underpinned by the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act of 1971, supplemented by the more recently enacted legislations such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act of 2010 and the Ambient Air Quality - Limits for Common Pollutants of 2012 published by the Botswana Bureau of Standards. Though commendable efforts have been made toward legislating against air and other forms of pollution, these have not yielded expected results in view of the prevailing levels of air pollutants like sulphur dioxide and fine particulate matters in the country’s atmospheric environment. Legislation as a sole measure may not be effective in tackling this challenge. Rather, government should also address some root-causes of the problem by making policies and programmes that will reduce unemployment and increase the earning capacity of citizenry. This will, among other things, effectively check poverty-induced biomass burning in the country. The paper looks at some other challenges of air pollution management and suggestions are made to tackle the identified problems.
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    Open Access
    ALLELE FREQUENCIES AND HAPLOTYPE DIVERSITIES OF FIVE Y - CHROMOSOME SHORT TANDEM REPEAT LOCI IN A RANDOM SAMPLE OF YORUBA POPULATION IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
    (Federal University Wukari, Nigeria, 2019-08) Fakorede, S.T.; Adekoya, K.O.; Akpan, U.U.; Ogunlusi, O.V.
    Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are specialized class of short tandem repeats located on human Y (male) chromosomes and are passed unchanged (barring a mutation) from one generation to the next. They are widely used in population genetic studies, forensics, paternity and genealogical DNA testing. The non-recombining nature of these loci makes them to have high discriminatory capacities among individuals of the same population or ethnicity. This is because they are polymorphic and exhibit high mutation rates. For Y-STR data to be applicable in forensics, knowledge of the haplotype frequencies in a geographic or ethnic substructure is required. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood sample of 110 unrelated Yoruba males, who have consented to participate in the research by signing the informed consent form, using conventional method. Five Y-STR markers (DYS392, DYS393, DYS449, DYS490 and DYS576) were typed and the PCR products were resolved on 4% agarose electrophoresis. Haplotype diversity was highest in DYS449 (0.840) and lowest in DYS392 (0.406). Also, the power of discrimination was found to be highest in DYS449 and lowest in DYS392 with 85.9% and 40.7%, respectively. The study revealed that the loci under study are suitable for use in identification, discrimination and forensic applications in the Yoruba population in Nigeria.
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    Restricted
    ALLELE FREQUENCIES AND HAPLOTYPE DIVERSITIES OF FIVE Y-CHROMOSOME SHORT TANDEM REPEAT LOCI IN A RANDOM SAMPLE OF YORUBA POPULATION IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
    (FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 2019-07-12) Fakorede, S.T.; Adekoya, K.O.; Akpan, U.U.; Ogunlusi, O.V.
    Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are specialized class of short tandem repeats located on human Y (male) chromosomes and are passed unchanged (barring a mutation) from one generation to the next. They are widely used in population genetic studies, forensics, paternity and genealogical DNA testing. The non-recombining nature of these loci makes them to have high discriminatory capacities among individuals of the same population or ethnicity. This is because they are polymorphic and exhibit high mutation rates. For Y-STR data to be applicable in forensics, knowledge of the haplotype frequencies in a geographic or ethnic substructure is required. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood sample of 110 unrelated Yoruba males, who have consented to participate in the research by signing the informed consent form, using conventional method. Five Y-STR markers (DYS392, DYS393, DYS449, DYS490 and DYS576) were typed and the PCR products were resolved on 4% agarose electrophoresis. Haplotype diversity was highest in DYS449 (0.840) and lowest in DYS392 (0.406). Also, the power of discrimination was found to be highest in DYS449 and lowest in DYS392 with 85.9% and 40.7%, respectively. The study revealed that the loci under study are suitable for use in identification, discrimination and forensic applications in the Yoruba population in Nigeria.
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    Open Access
    Allelic variations of LcyE and crtRB1 genes in tropical adapted yellow endosperm maize inbred lines
    (Indian Society of Genetics & Plant Breeding, 2013-09) Adeyemo, O. A.; Omidiji, O.
    Maize is an important staple cereal crop in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical-adapted yellow endosperm maize varieties in Africa have low amounts of pro-vitamin A. Use of molecular markers that detect alleles associated with high level of pro-vitamin A can help to improve the pro-vitamin A content in maize through conventional breeding. In this study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based markers were used to characterize two sets of tropical-adapted yellow endosperm maize inbred lines for allelic variants, present in two carotenoid biosynthesis genes encoding lycopene epsilon cyclase (LcyE) and  -carotene hydroxylase 1 (crtRB1). Frequency of the favourable allele at LcyE 3’TE polymorphism is 29% in Set 1 and 67% in Set 2, and the 5TE was present at frequencies of 24% in S1 and 3.3% in 2. The frequency of the favourable allele at the LcyE SNP216 polymorphism was more than 95% in both the sets of inbred lines. None of the lines included in Set 1 had favourable alleles for crtRB1. On the other hand, in Set 2 the favourable allele in the crtRB1 5TE insertion, had a frequency of 14% whereas the favourable allele-frequency was 11% for crtRB1 3TE and was 1% for InDel4. Twelve maize inbred lines (9.8%) had favourable alleles for crtRB1 3’TE and 5TE in Set 2. None of the maize inbred lines carried favourable alleles for all three crtRB1 polymorphisms. Favourable haplotypes of LcyE and crtRB1 were found together in fifteen (12%) inbred lines.
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    Open Access
    Amplification of COI-II, ND II & ITSI-II by Polymerase Chain Reaction: Prospects for DNA Barcoding of Nigerian Drosophila Populations
    (KLOBEX Journal of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology, 2013-07) Adekoya, K.O.; Ogundele, O.E.
    Populations of Nigerian Drosophila are hardly distinguishable in morphology but reproductively isolated. Spectrophotometric analysis of genomic DNA of the fruitflies reveals that the DNA extraction protocol used yielded genomic DNA good enough for polymerase chain reaction, confirming claims that polymerase chain reaction is possible even when amount of template DNA varies considerably. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit II, and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions I and II are highly conserved regions in Drosophila. Successful amplification of these regions suggests that they are promising regions for DNA barcoding and molecular characterization of local Drosophila species. Further molecular and DNA barcoding studies targeted at local Drosophila species in Nigeria is desirable.
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    Open Access
    Analysis of annexin 7 gene of malignant prostatic hyperplasia-induced male wistar rats in the presence of Annona muricata
    (Taylor & Francis, 2019) Minari, J. B.; Chikezie, C. C.
    Background: Prostate cancer has become the most common cancer among African – American men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Many anti-malignant agents have been isolated from different plant species with minimal or no side effects thus it holds future promise as a resort as cancer biotherapeutics when compared with other treatment methods including synthetic drugs. Aim: This current investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-proliferative efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Annonamuricata leaf on annexin 7 gene of malignant prostatic hyperplasia induced male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Sub-chronic daily oral gavage exposure of the test substances to experimental animals lasted for a period of 28 days. Monosodium glutamate and L-arginine (90:22.5 mg/kg/b.wt) with purity 98% were administered concomitantly to the male wistar rats in various treatment groups. A total of 25 male wistar rats of about 6 weeks old weighing between 250–282 grams were used for this investigation. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemicals screening of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata leaf were also carried out. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used in the histological assay of the prostate tissues. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) values were determined using standard protocol and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify annexin-7 gene. 1.5% agarose gel was used to separate the amplicons into bands of varying patterns. Result: Qualitative analysis demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, Saponins, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycoside, reducing sugar, phenol and triterpenes. Quantitative screening of the extract unveiled that alkaloid was present in the highest amount while Cardiac glycosides had the least concentration. The prostate histological assessment revealed a dose-dependent disruption in normal prostate tissue architecture. There was statistically significant difference P ≤ 0.05 in the body weight and prostate specific antigen (PSA) values of the male wistar rats in the experimental groups during the period of this investigation. The varying amplicon band patterns obtained from the treatment groups indicates possible MSG and L-ARG induced mutation in annexin 7 gene. The DNA amplicon bands observed in the positive control without treatments had some degree of similarity with bands obtained from the amplicons in the various treatment groups that were administered with both carcinogens and ethanolic leaf extract while thin bands were observed for the negative control group that was administered with carcinogens alone. Conclusion: This investigation has demonstrated that ethanolic extract of A. muricata leaf could be used as a potent ethno-chemopreventive agent against L-arginine and monosodium glutamate induced malignant prostatic hyperplasia in male wistar rats.
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    Open Access
    Analysis of Kras gene from induced pancreatic cancer rats administered with Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts
    (Elsevier, 2018) Minari, J. B.; Okelola, C. A.; Ugochukwu, N. C.
    Objective: To analyze K-ras gene from induced pancreatic cancer rats administered with Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts. Methods: Twenty-five (25) adult rats weighing between 90e120 g were divided into 5 groups namely RA, RB, RC, NC and PC, each group had 5 rats. The PC which served as the control was fed with normal fish meal and water ad libitum; the NC which is the negative control received 20 mg/ml/week of Nitrosamines only while other groups received different concentrations of aqueous extract of both M. charantia and O. basilicum (200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg) and Nitrosamine. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of both M. charantia and O. basilicum was carried out. The extraction of DNA was done using Jena Bioscience DNA preparation kit and the protocol was based on the spin column based genomic DNA purification from blood, animal and plant cells. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the K-ras gene extracted from the pancreas tissues of experimental rats while hematoxylinand eosin staining was used for histological assay. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides in M. charantia while saponins, tannins and glycosides were discovered in O. basilicum. Significant reduction in the weight of rats treated with 200 mg of aqueous extracts of M. charantia and O. basilicum while rats that were dosed with nitrosamines only showed a slight increase in weight in the first three weeks when compared to the positive control. Histological studies revealed that there is both enlargement and reduction in the islet cell size, with one of the sections showing a normal islet cell size. While the agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that there may be possibility of prevention of damage to k-ras gene as a result of the effect of plants extract. Conclusion: This work has shown that the leaf extracts of both M. charantia and O. basilicum will serve as a measure against induced pancreatic cancer in rats.
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    Open Access
    Anti-Diabetic Effect of Morinda lucida Stem Bark Extracts on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
    (Research Journal of Pharmacology, 2010) Odutuga, A. A.; Dairo, J. O.; Minari, J. B.; Bamisaye, F. A.
    The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential hypoglycemic effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. lucida stem bark in alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats. The study comprises three groups of diabetic rats administered 0.240 mg (aqueous extract) and 240 mg (methanolic extract) kg~1 body weight and a fourth group given 10 mL kg ~i body weight distilled water for 7 days. Body weight, fasting blood glucose as well as activities of some selected serum and liver enzymes were monitored before commencement of treatment and at the end of the treatment period. At the end of the 7 day treatment, fasting blood glucose of the animals were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 73.5 and 39.0% of their initial values in diabetic group administered aqueous and methanolic extract, respectively. As it were before treatment, body weight was further reduced in the diabetic animal groups compared to normal rat group. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and liver aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) activities were not significantly (p>0.05) altered from their initial values after the 7 day treatment period. Serum AST and liver ALP were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanolic extracts compared to their initial values. Serum and liver Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was significantly (serum)/non-significantly (liver) increased across the groups except for a significant decrease observed in liver ALT activity in diabetic rats administered the methanolic extract.
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    Open Access
    Anti-pyretic and Antiplasmodial Activities of a Polyherbal Formula (Joloo)
    (Journal of Biological Sciences, 2013) Oloyede, A. M.; Okpuzor, J.; Aina, O. O.
    Full texts attached
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    Open Access
    Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Contents and Functional Group Identification of Leaf Extracts among Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Accessions
    (NISEB Journal, 2018-07) Oyenike, O. A.; Osibote, E.; Adedugba, A.; Bhadmus, O. A.; Adeoshun, A. A.; Allison, M. O.
    Lemongrass leaves are widely used for tea and the treatment of malaria. In the present study, Soxhlet extraction was carried out with aqueous ethanol (v/v). Fresh and dried leaves of selected ten lemongrasses (Cymbopogon citratus) accessions from different geographical regions in Nigeria were examined for total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities. Aqueous methanol extraction was carried out and further partitioned into hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol to obtain fractions according to their polarities and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to identify the functional groups that may be present. Among the ten accessions, the leaf extracts at five different concentrations exhibited increasing antioxidant activities using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging test, stronger activities for dried leaves (71.15 ± 0.14 - 89.79 ± 0.16μg/ml) than fresh leaves (71.65 ± 0.45 -81.94 ± 0.84 μg/ml) at 100 μg/ml of sample extract. The total phenolic contents of dried leaf extracts, revealed higher amounts in all lines ranging from 19.57±0.57 to 43.17±0.67mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g DW when compared with fresh leaf extracts, where the values ranged from 9.68 ± 2.20 to 28.5 ± 3.90 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g fresh weight except for two lines which showed greater total phenolic contents than in the dried leaves. High total phenolic content may help contribute to the overall high antioxidant activity of the plant. FTIR identified the presence of major active functional groups including alcohol, ester, amide, alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acid, ketones and aldehyde in four partitioning solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol) leaf extracts of lemongrass samples.
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    Open Access
    Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Asparagus officinalis L. Stem on Plasmodium berghei infected mice
    (Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research., 2016) Minari, J. B.; Odutuga, A. A.; Bamisaye, F. A.; Babatola, L. J.
    This study aims at investigating the antiplasmodial activity of rnethauolic extract of Asparagus officinalis L. stem on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. To investigate this, the mice were infected with Pberghei to cause malaria. The mice were simultaneously given oral doses (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg body weight) of methanolic extract of A. officina/is L. stem. The phytochemical constituents of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, cardiac· glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoid and steroid. The extract administered to the infected mice significantly suppressed the parasite. The extract also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the activities of serum aspatate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). While blood corpuscles (WBC), red blood corpuscles (RBC), haemoglobin (HOB), packed cell volume (PCV), platelets (PLT) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed significant (P<0.05) increase after the administration of the extracrwhile mean corpuscular volume (MCY).and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) showed significant (P<0.05) reduction. Present findings suggests that the plant extract contains phytochemicals that have antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective properties.
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    Open Access
    Antiproliferative potential of aqueous leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female albino rats
    (Elsevier, 2016) Minari, J. B.; Ogar, G. O.; Bello, A. J.
    Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and a major cause of death in women, makes up about one-tenth of all new cancer diagnoses worldwide. Breast cancer and other cancer forms are heterogeneous diseases with varied morphological appearances, molecular features, behavior, and response to therapies (using surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy). Despite the achievement of objective responses, the available treatments are associated with significant limitations in safety and efficacy. Several plant products (barks, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds) have been characterized as effective in cancer chemoprevention with minimal or no side effects. Aims: This study is aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative potential of aqueous leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA)-induced-breast cancer in female albino rats. Materials and methods: M. pruriens, thirty (30) female albino rats and 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene were used for this study. Hot extraction protocol was employed in the preparation of aqueous extract of M. pruriens leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extract of M. pruriens and weight determination was employed using standard protocol. Comet assay protocol was employed to determine level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation while hematoxylin and eosin were used for histological assay. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugar, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenols and steroids. Flavonoid was quantitatively determined to be present in the highest amount. Histological assay revealed the presence of atrophy of seromucous glands with surrounding stromal fibrosis and hyperplasia of serous and mucinous. There was a significant weight difference between the control and treatment groups. Determination of length and weight of isolated tumor from rat induced with DMBA only was 2.4 cm and 2.8 g respectively. DNA smears obtained from single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) suggested possible DMBA-induced damage which was significantly prevented owing to the effect of the leaf extract of M. pruriens. Conclusion: This study has shown that the leaf extract of M. pruriens could be used as a prophylactic measure against DMBA-induced cell proliferation in the breast tissues of female albino rats.
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    Open Access
    Assessing the Levels of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in Biscuits and Home-made Snacks obtained from Vendors in Two Tertiary Institutions in Lagos, Nigeria
    (Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2017-05) Dada, E. O.; Ojo, O. N.; Njoku, K. L.; Akinola, M. O.
    The modern day busy schedule of an average individual in Nigeria has made the consumption of snacks inevitable. This study assessed the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in some common snacks sold in two tertiary institutions in Lagos, Nigeria, using Perkin AAS Elmer model 460. The mean levels of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd found in plantain chips obtained from the University of Lagos main campus were 2.15 ± 0.13, 0.27 ± 0.03, 0.83 ± 0.04 and 0.10 ± 0.03 mg/kg respectively, while the mean levels of the same metals found in plantain chips obtained from Yaba College of Technology were 1.77 ± 0.57, 0.11 ± 0.04, 1.23 ± 0.61 and 0.08 ± 0.06 mg/kg respectively. Independent-samples t-test analysis revealed that the differences between the mean metal levels in snacks obtained from the two institutions were not significant (P >0.05). Though the levels of most metals in snacks obtained from the two institutions were within the upper limits of the range specified by the World Health Organization, the consumption of snacks with such metal loads over a long period of time may result in metal accumulation in the body beyond tolerable limit. These findings may be a reflection of what obtains in other educational institutions in the country. The authorities of tertiary institutions and other levels of education in Nigeria are therefore called upon to strengthen and widen their internal control mechanisms to guarantee the quality and safety of snacks sold to students and other people on their campuses
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    Open Access
    ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC WORKSHOP SOILS IN LAGOS AND THE GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF THE SIMULATED LEACHATE USING ALLIUM CEPA L.
    (2019-04) Jolaoso, A. O.; Njoku, L. K.; Adedokun, A. H.; Adesuyi, A. A.
    In the face of the increasing numbers and haphazard siting of mechanic workshops and the consequent environmental pollution due to its activities, there is paucity of information in the literature on the possible genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the associated waste and the soils of these workshops. This study therefore aimed at assessing the pollution level of the soils from the automobile workshop in Lagos and the genotoxic potential of their simulated leachate using Allium cepa L. 2 kg of soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 – 15 cm (top soil) using soil auger from five different points at the automobile mechanic workshop in order to get a representative sample (composite sample) and transferred directly into clean, sterile containers. A control soil sample was obtained from the Botanical garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka. The physicochemical analysis of the soil was also carried out using standard methods. The samples were analysed for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg) using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after acid digestion. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, TPH and oil and grease were determined. Leachate simulation from the soil was carried out according to the American Society for Testing and Materials. The result showed an obvious influence of automobile workshop activities on the physicochemical properties of soil as well as on the root meristem of Allium cepa. Automobile workshop soil contained significantly higher concentrations for all analysed heavy metals (Cd, As, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) in comparison to the uncontaminated garden soil. Cd, Cu and Pb levels were higher than specified regulatory standards. All the leachates concentrations showed one form of aberration: sticky chromosomes, C-mitosis, bridges, lagging chromosomes, binucleate, vagrant cells and micronuclei. The highest aberration occurred in 50% concentration of the treatment while the lowest occurred in the control. The aberrations observed varied with exposure time. The results of the present study showed that simulated leachates from an automobile workshop is genotoxic and mutagenic in the bioassays used in this study. The soils contained heavy metals in higher concentrations than the control and standards set by regulatory authorities. Also, higher TPH was observed too. The observed genotoxicity and mutagenicity are believed to be caused by the leachate constituents
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    Open Access
    ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG SELECTED MAIZE LANDRACES AND HYBRIDS USING SSR MARKERS LINKED TO QTLS FOR DROUGHT AND NITROGEN TOLERANCE
    (Nigerian Journal of Genetics, 2018) Oyenike, O. A.; Bhadmus, O. A.; Adebesin, O. A.; Okinedo, U. E.
    In this study, seventeen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of maize were used to assess genetic diversity in selected 20 maize genotypes adapted to Southern Nigeria. The morpho-physiological traits considered include stay-green characteristics, days to anthesis, days to silking and anthesis-silking interval, leaf number and high nitrogen regime, ear setting and yield components, while the maize genotypes comprised of 9 landraces, 5 commercial hybrids grown by local farmers and 6 recently developed IITA hybrids. A total of 57 polymorphic alleles were amplified and the mean allele number was 3.35 and a range of 2 to 5 alleles per locus. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.46, with a minimum and maximum of 0.16 and 0.72 were observed. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.45 to 0.91 with a mean of 0.58. The UPGMA dendrogram indicated that the 20 maize genotypes could be divided into two major groups, of which each had two subgroups. Principal component analysis also depicted diversity among the lines. Based on the grouping, lines from landraces were clustered together, while the commercial had close genetic relationship with IITA hybrids. Genetic diversity was moderately high among the landraces than in the hybrids. This study reveals the efficiency of trait-linked SSR markers to estimate the extent of the genetic variation of the maize varieties for drought/nitrogen regime adaptive traits and will be a contribution to further application of marker assisted selection in maize breeding.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Selected Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Lines Based on SSR Markers
    (JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 2015) Adeyemo, O. A.; Olukanmi, B.
    Genetic diversity in eight Nigeria, two Benin Republic and five United Kingdom cultivated tomato lines was assessed using simple sequence repeat (SSR). Genotyping was carried out with 15 SSRs. Among the markers used, 11 SSR markers were polymorphic. For the SSR analysis, the total number of polymorphic alleles was 33, with a mean of 3.00 and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.36. The genetic diversity within the lines was considerably moderate (0.31). The Estimates of Rogers’ distance varied from 0.03 to 0.66. The 15 lines were clustered into two major groups and a singleton based on unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the SSR-based genetic distance (GD) estimates. Group I included 10 lines from all the geographical regions evaluated, and the group II consists of 4 lines which are essentially from Nigeria. TM09 (UK line) grouped separately forming a singleton. Understanding the genetic diversity among the tomato lines is a good starting point for establishing and maintaining collections, germplasm banks and proper characterisation of Nigerian tomatoes in order to preserve the genetic variability.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Genetic Diversity based on RAPD Analysis in Cultivars of Peppers (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens) Grown in Nigeria
    (JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 2017) Adeyemo, O. A.; Lawal, O.
    Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess genetic diversity among 24 Capsicum cultivars collected from some states in Nigeria. These cultivars differ in their fruit morphology. 18 RAPD markers detected a total of 176 alleles (mean, 9.78; range, 5–15). Unique alleles (22) were found in 10 Capsicum cultivars. Genetic distance based on Jaccard coefficient range from 0.21 to 0.88, with an average of 0.61. Line pairs in Capsicum annum (rodo) ranged from 0.21 to 0.63. A dendrogram based on RAPD markers divided the lines into 4 main groups and 1 line, which separated from other lines. The first group included 9 CR lines (Capsicum annum) while the second group included 7 CS lines (Capsicum frutescens). The third group contained 1 CT (Capsicum annum) and 2 CA lines (Capsicum frutescens). Lastly, the fourth group was separated into 2 subgroups; the first subgroup included the closely related cultivars CG (CG22 and CG23) lines (Capsicum annum) whereas the second subgroup included CS17 and CA21 (Capsicum frutescens). Principal component analysis (PCA) also grouped the lines and these were consistent with the dendrogram groupings. The grouping of these lines reflected their genetic similarity at the species level. These results define the existence of genetic diversity in the Capsicum species grown in some Nigerian states, which might be useful for future decisions in their conservation and management strategies.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Genetic Interspecies Relationships among Five Selected Amaranthus Species Using Phenotypic and RAPD Markers
    (Asian Network for Scientific Information _ ANSI net, 2012) Tony-Odigie, A. E.; Adekoya, K.O.; Makinde, S.C.O.; Oboh, B.O.; Ogunkanmi, L.A.; Fowora, M.A.
    The genus, Amaranthus, is a typical annual flowering plant valued as vegetables, grains and ornamental. It exhibits a high degree of interspecies variability and as such enhances biodiversity. Two common grain types (A. caudatus and A. cruentus) and three major weedy types (A. hybridus, A. spinosus and A. viridis) were studied. Phenotypic traits were determined using FAO descriptors for both qualitative and quantitative traits. Extracted DNA samples were amplified through the PCR technique using four RAPD primers (OPA -02, OPA 04, OPB- 08 and OPE-01). Statistical analyses for morphological and molecular data were done using the NTSYS version 2.02j software. Qualitative morphological characters did not significantly discriminate among the five species except for floral morphology. Quantitative characters, however exhibited wide interspecies variation. Morphological clusters analysis showed that the five species were entirely distinct with a similarity coefficient of 0 except for A. cruentus and A. hybridus which shared an even very low coefficient of 0.093. The RAPD primers generated a total of 150 bands in the size range of 250 - 2000bp. Molecular cluster analysis showed that all the species studied shared a similarity coefficient of 0.57 and some individuals within each species were clustered with individuals from other species. For example, most of the randomly selected plants from A. viridis were clustered with plants selected from A. spinosus at a similarity coefficient up to 0.81. This close relationship between A. viridis is more appealing for consumption. The use of RAPD molecular marker systems in Amaranthus spp should be advanced so as to impel specific linkage among genes controlling important traits