Architecture- Scholarly Publications

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    Open Access
    19th Century Conflagrations and the Architectural Landscape of Lagos
    (Department of Architecture, 2015-07-01) Akande, A. O.
    The 19th century was a boisterous time for Lagos. Quite momentous were the events that they left a significant change on many aspects of Lagos’ urban character and outlook. This paper looks at city fires and how they shaped the architectural landscape of Lagos. While city fires are in some ways a standard occurrence in many sprawling 19th century metropolises, not many received nearly as many fire as Lagos did. Though some of the fire events were acts of incendiarism, a significant number were accidental but the destruction were equally damning. The horror of these incessant fires prompted consistent reactions and policy promulgation by way of ordinances from the Colonial administration. The articulation of these law produced a sequence that initiated the reshaping of the city’s urban fabric. This paper will show that a significant amount of the architectural change and development in 19th century Lagos directly relate to city fires.
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    Open Access
    Academic Professionals' And Developers' Perception of the Prefab Housing System in Lagos State: A comparative Study
    (Department of Architecture, University of Lagos, 2019-03-01) Adebayo, A. K.; Dixon-Ogbechi, B. N.
    Despite all government efforts to the contrary, there has been housing shortages in Nigeria. The prefab housing system, a modern construction method has been used successfully by some nations to overcome this problem. Yet, this system has not been extensively adopted in Nigeria. To encourage its adoption, there is a need to investigate key stakeholders’ perception of this modern construction method. This study adopted the survey research approach to comparatively investigate the perceptions of academic professionals and developers of the prefab housing system with the aim of identifying the key variables that can promote and hinder its adoption so as to formulate appropriate marketing strategies to promote its adoption in the Nigerian built environment. A sample of 250 respondents comprising of 150 academic professionals and 100 developers was selected using the multi-stage sampling approach. The data gathered was analysed using descriptive statistics on the SPSS version 21. The hypotheses were tested at the 5% level of significance using the Levene’s test for equality of variances and the independent samples t-test. It was discovered that built environment academic professionals and developers in Lagos state are equally familiar with and knowledgeable about the prefabricated housing system. And they both have similar views about the factors that could hinder/promote the sustainable application of prefabricated housing system in Lagos State. Hence, in formulating relevant policies to promote the adoption of the prefab system, policy makers need to focus more on strategies that will encourage academic professionals and practitioners to apply this modern construction method.
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    Open Access
    Adaptive Framework for Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Public Housing Projects in Nigeria
    (Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Lagos, 2010-11-01) Iweka, A. C.; Adebayo, A. K.; Igwe, J. M.
    Government intervention in housing development is lauded in many countries, but inappropriate perception of the end-users has made many of such schemes largely unsuccessful. In Nigeria, many researchers have argued that inadequate knowledge of the nature, scope and dimension of housing problems coupled with myopic concept of the people’s needs are responsible for public housing failures. Correct as these arguments may be, there is little evidence that they are based on a comparison between a clearly articulated theory about how the housing projects are supposed to work i.e., design intent, and the end-users. This situation further brings to the fore, the need to have a current and accurate understanding of the performance of the houses being provided. Once the initial design intent is established the techniques of post-occupancy evaluation can be employed to determine the extent to which it has been met. The paper shows that there are several approaches for understanding and conducting post-occupancy evaluation studies. This study examines three approaches that could be adapted and used to identify and prioritize questions regarding public-sector housing evaluation in Nigeria, after the housing project has been inhabited for some time.
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    Open Access
    Afro-Brazilian Style Of Architecture In Lagos, Nigeria
    (Department of Architecture, 2016-07-01) Harrison, E.; Igwe, J. M.
    This paper examines critical issues surrounding the export of Brazilian style of architecture into Nigeria. It identifies and discusses local architectural trends in Lagos and southwestern Nigeria before the arrival of Afro-Brazilians in Lagos. This is followed by an elaboration of the evolution and development of an Afro-Brazilian Style of architecture in Lagos. Finally, the paper articulates the legacy of Afro-Brazilians in the architectural landscape of Lagos and southwestern Nigeria.
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    Open Access
    Architecture
    (Facta Universitatis, 2013-09-12) Adebayo, A. K.; Iweka, A. C.; Ogunbodede, B. F.; Igwe, J. M.
    Despite the modern and grandiose appearance of most architectural projects, closer examinations cast doubts on their sensitivity to the cultural and traditional past of the societies for which they were intended. Space for human habitation and interaction is one of the primary aspects of man's culture, and is basic to any architectural discussion. For a long time, architecture in most developing nations was shaped by colonial contexts and ideologies. The architects seemed more committed to revitalizing the civilization of other advanced countries within a new world setting. The focus of this paper is on the interplay between architecture and culture. The relationship between spaces created by architects and the local culture is examined within the context of place –the house, the community, the region, as well as the nation. The study identifies ties that bind groups together. It also explores the components that constitute spatial character. Physical and intangible aspects of materials in achieving environmental character are evaluated. Key questions regarding the professional and ideological inclination of architects are addressed. Finally, the impact of emerging global trends occasioned by contact of cultures is analyzed.
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    Open Access
    The Architecture of Holy Cross Cathedral Lagos
    (Department of Architecture, 2015-07-01) Ejiga, O.; Igwe, J. M.; Kashim, Y.
    It is the function of the historian of architecture to trace the origin, growth, and decline of the architectural styles which have prevailed in different lands and ages. It is also his function to explain the principles of the styles, their characteristic forms and decoration, and to describe the great masterpieces of each style and period. The historian does with the aim of preserving a people’s achievement from physical and mental destruction hence securing their identity, culture and way of life. Holy Cross Cathedral is one of the architectural masterpieces that have defined the Nigerian landscape and like every architectural creation it is a product of cultural, economic, religious and geographical influences. This paper examined the architectural style of the edifice belonging to the catholic mission within the realm of architectural history.
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    Open Access
    As in Sculpture so in Architecture:
    (Department of Architecture, 2015-07-01) Adejumo, O. T.
    Western picturesque discourse oscillated from classical notion of “as in painting, so in poetry” to the romantic concepts of “as in poetry, so in painting” and then to “as in painting, so in architecture”. This paper explores Yoruba sculpture art philosophy to theorize design principles that may be used in contemporary sense of place conscious urban green infrastructure hubs resilient to cultural dynamism. Unlike Western aesthetic philosophy Yoruba, indeed African, aesthetic ideology did not reside in the form of art works but in “behaviour in beauty Synthesis”. Preference is given to inner beauty which is the real essence of art works. It is a general consensus that art works have in built life force (ase) that drives the religious and corresponding socio-political activities. Since ‘ase’ is defined as life force, it is the same as ‘prana’, ‘chi’, ‘aura’ or ‘subtle earth energy’. ‘Ase’ is therefore the fundamental Yoruba aesthetical tool that artists used to trigger emotional response from the viewers. Public spaces design proposition focus on making available ‘ase’ on the landscape for the wellbeing of the people. The landscape is therefore liable to manipulation during design process to achieve desired harmony through the appropriate placement of ‘shape powers’ including Yoruba cosmogram, iconographic motifs, symbols, signs, chosen form and cultural colour scheme to harness desired earth energies. ‘Ase’ centred Yoruba environmental design proposition, like other forms of landscape, is a cultural construct reflecting underpinning ideologies in local place development that should enhance attachment.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Housing Characteristics in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos Peri-Urban Settlements
    (Department of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, 2019-11-01) Adedire, F. M.; Iweka, A. C.
    Housing developments in Lagos State peri-urban settlements have contributed immensely to alleviation of the challenges of housing deficits in central Lagos. This research aims at examining the characteristics of housing development in the peri-urban settlements of Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a case study approach, housing developments in peri-urban settlements in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Areas were selected to represent the rapidly urbanizing metropolitan peripheral areas in Lagos S tate. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources which include survey questionnaires, direct observations and in-depth interviews. Using two stage sampling techniques, questionnaire was distributed to households in purposively selected 16 peri-urban settlements in Ibeju Lekki. Data collected through field survey were analysed using frequencies, percentages, cross tabulations while qualitative data were analysed using descriptive analysis. Findings demonstrate that different housing initiatives in the peri-urban settlements performed differently in typology and resident’s perception. Socio-economic attributes revealed a multi-cultural households composition, reasonable literacy level. It is recommended that improved quality and user performance peri-urban housing development can be achieved through residents’ participation in housing policy design and also by timely regional policy response to the pace of housing development in Lagos peri-urban settlements.
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    Open Access
    An Assessment of the Changes in the Landscape of Ogudu-Oworonshoki Development Prone Area of Lagos Metropolis.
    (Department of Architecture, 2015-07-01) Obiefun, J. N.; Idris, S. O.; Uduma-Olugu, N.
    Landscape assessment is the analysis of the evolution of a landscape, an examination of the basic natural and human processes with ecological interrelationships which jointly shape that landscape and determine values for its uses. This paper is an assessment of the landscape of Ogudu-Oworonshoki development prone area on the north-east of Lagos metropolis. It utilized the analytical tool of ArcGIS with topographic maps and Ikonos imagery to examine changes in the land use/land cover of the area over a period of 40 years from 1964 to 2004. Existing landscape which are suitable and compatible with the landscape of the area were identified through analysis of their conformity with the physiographic units. Results show that the landscape of the area has been gravely altered as urban development, mostly residential displaced natural land, mostly wetland from 141.90ha. to 38.20ha in 2004 at the annual rate of 2.60ha.. The implication of the results and findings were highlighted.
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    Open Access
    Building Information Modelling in Nigerian Construction Industry and its Impact in Project Life Cycle
    (Department of Architecture, 2016-07-01) Onungwa, I. O.; Uduma-Olugu, N.
    Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process that can improve collaboration in design and construction because of its integrated nature. However, it has not been fully adopted or effectively used in Nigeria. Consequently, it has not improved collaboration in design and construction. BIM is used to develop a collaborative construction process that includes design, build, operate and maintenance of buildings. The adoption of BIM in Nigeria is very slow; used mostly for schematic design and presentation drawings by Architects. Other professionals in the construction industry still produce their drawings with 2D AutoCAD hence collaboration within BIM based projects are not effective. There is a dearth of research in the use of BIM in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to study the Adoption of BIM in Nigeria and evaluate factors that promote collaboration on BIM-based AEC projects during design and construction. The paper addresses the challenges militating against collaborations between stakeholders that use BIM and identifies what needs to be done in the Nigerian construction industry to encourage efficient utilization of BIM. This paper seeks to evaluate factors affecting Adoption of BIM in Nigeria with a view to improving stakeholders’ relationships and value derived. The research methodology involved using structured questionnaires to 30 AEC firms selected through simple random sampling method. Results showed BIM has a high impact on client satisfaction, time for completion, quality and presentation of different concepts in design. It also showed high impact on conflict resolution, supervision, construction programming and quality of completed jobs during post construction. Barriers to adoption of BIM were identified as lack of infrastructure, lack of skilled workers and lack of awareness of technology. For Nigeria to compete internationally in the construction industry, BIM should be better adopted hence there is need for further research on the subject. Recommendations include developing a curriculum that will incorporate the study of BIM in all construction courses in Universities, the development of learning centers for private practitioners and increased efforts by the relevant professional bodies to improve awareness of the technology.
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    Open Access
    Causes and Policy Implications of Residential Segregation In Lagos Peripheral Settlements
    (Department of Architecture, 2016-07-01) Adedire, F. M.; Adebamowo, M. A.; Iweka, A. C.
    This study examines the causes and policy implications of residential segregation in Lagos peripheral settlements. Using a case study approach, 370 housing developments units in Ibeju-Lekki, a peripheral of Eti-Osa metropolitan region in Lagos were selected as the sample size. Primary source of data was semi-structured interview and questionnaires administered to randomly selected respondents in the study area. Two stages of analysis were conducted. Firstly descriptive analysis was conducted on the data to generate percentages and frequencies of responses on the socio-demographic profile of household heads, residents’ perception of neighbourhood quality and intensity of residential segregation in the study area. Secondly, multivariate test was conducted to examine the influence of housing initiative, ethnicity, income, education, occupation and community group on the residential patterns in the study area. Data processing and analysis for this study were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22 for windows for statistical analysis of the quantitative data. Findings show that residential segregation in the study area is affected by socio-economic attributes of the residents. The major socio-economic attributes that affect housing segregation are income, tribe and education. Also, noted to have contributed to segregation in the study area is different housing initiatives and typologies adopted by the housing providers. It is recommended that mixed communities development should be encouraged to eliminate spatial and cultural segregation in the study area.
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    Open Access
    The climate change challenge in Africa:- impacts, mitigation and adaptation
    (Asian Economic and Social Society, 2012) Adebamowo, M.; Uduma-Olugu, N.; Oginni, A.
    Climate change is now a reality, and is already having devastating effects on the natural environment and human populations across the world. Many studies (Maathai, 2006; UNFCC 2006; CCDI 2007; IPCC 2007 and UNDP 2009) have confirmed that Africa contributes the least to global warming but the region is the most vulnerable and most adversely affected by climate change. Unpredictable rains and floods, prolonged droughts, subsequent crop failures and rapid desertification among others have in fact already begun to change the face of the continent. Africa’s poor and vulnerable will be particularly hit by the effects of the rising temperatures. This paper examines the problem of climate change in Africa; its impacts, mitigation and adaptation measures are equally investigated. The paper explains that neither mitigation nor adaptation alone can avoid significant impacts but together they can compliment each other and reduce significantly the risks of climate change. Finally it concludes with recommendation to African Countries to enable them reduce vulnerability and increase capacity to adapt while suggesting the need to integrate climate change concerns into all planning whether it be infrastructure, education or health.
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    Open Access
    Collaborative Framework For Sustainable Flood Risk Managment
    (Center for Human Settlement and Urban Development (CHSUD), 2019-06-01) Adejumo, T. O.
    The unpredictable weather events driven by climate change phenomenon enhanced frequent flooding in previously safe flood plains and littoral settlements. The severity of flood related disaster reached an all-time high in 2012, spreading over 18 states of the federation. The severity prompted the usual Federal Government reactive flood management approach. The piecemeal protective flood management option is not making desired impact. There should be national safety chain to address flood protection, preparedness, response and recovery. This paper advocates for collaborative flood risk management framework to reduce cyclical farmland degradation, infrastructure devastation, property destructions and increasing loss of human life. The paper is underpinned by collaborative inquiry and risk management theories. Collaborative flood risk management demands a clear-cut understanding of probable locations for future flood occurrence and necessary principles and strategic actions to reduce the impact without moving the problem to other geographical locations. On this platform flood risk management is not tackled on political administrative boundaries basis but within natural boundaries of river catchments. It puts demand for synchronization of Federal, State, Local Government and local flood districts flood related activities. Expectations from Federal Government include generation of comprehensive national flood risk management policies with defined national flood risk maps. State Government expectations include provision of specific State flood risk management strategies and flood risk maps. Local Government follow the same pattern. In the absence of City government, State and Local Government collaboration should consider the preparation of local districts flood maps and flood risk management plan. The inputs of all stakeholders including traditional institution, community-based organisations, non-governmental organizations, and prevailing River Basin Authority are important. The choice of flood management at local flood district should be influenced by flood type, flood plain ecological characteristics and available finance.
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    Open Access
    Creating Sustainable Safety in Urban Residential Neighbourhoods through Architectural Design
    (Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, 2009-09-01) Iweka, A. C.; Adebayo, A. K.; Igwe, J. M.
    Although the police and the criminal justice system are regarded as key contributors to the fight against crimes in urban residential neighbourhoods, recent thinking is that the complexity of the phenomena requires a wider approach. One of the newer approaches being propagated is sustainable urban neighbourhood safety through effective architectural planning and design. This approach argues that designers and developers should think of crime prevention as an integral part of the design processes that shape new developments. It has been projected that 10-15% of crimes have environmental design and management components. Increasingly it is being acknowledged that why, where and how crime and violence take place should be of interest to the process of architectural planning and design. This paper discusses how crime prevention considerations can be built into the processes that shape the physical structure and arrangement of group of buildings, landscapes, as well as other physical developments within urban residential neighbourhood spaces. The paper explores how design practices associated with different components of urban neighbourhood can facilitate or reduce the factors that contribute to crime or violence.
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    Open Access
    Developmental Strategy For Sustainable Public Open Space System In Metropolitan Lagos
    (OAU Press, 2002-09-01) Adejumo, O. T.
    Livability in cities is enhanced by the availability of basic social amenities including planned recreational open spaces. Public open spaces system is a major yardstick used in measuring environmental success of cities. At the 2001 United Nation’s estimated population of 12,100,000 people in metropolitan Lagos, the ratio of planned open spaces to the population is 81,000 people per hectare. In comparison, the international average is 600 people per hectare. Past Lagos State Governments failed to recognize the role of parks in enhancing the quality of urban life. The government’s indifference and the informal role of various communities in meeting the recreational needs of the people, especially the youths, call for a local agenda. This paper explores the application of developmental strategy that could lead to sustainable public park system in metropolitan Lagos.
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    Open Access
    Doctrines and Layers in Space: A Critique of Stephen Ajadi’s Design for the Anglican Church in Ogidi, Nigeria
    (Department of Architecture, University of Lagos, 2019-03-01) Igwe, J. M.
    The paper engages Stephen Ajadi’s design for the Anglican Church in Ogidi as a platform and environment to experience, appraise and study the symbolism and dynamics of doctrine in space. In Ajadi’s proposed church design, mutations of the Anglican doctrine are expressed and interrogated in the typology of church. Employing the investigative methodologies of history, architectural theory, and interviews with the architect, the ideas of Ajadi are appraised, interrogated and expounded. In the development process of the Ogidi church, Ajadi skillfully moves backward to go forward while still in the present. He has used methods of computation and parametric design to engage highly abstractive issues of history, space, place and doctrine. He sets up an orchestration strategy that hides method in plain sight while the issues he intends to address take the foreground, probably only for a keen eye. The Ogidi project is found to address wider theoretical issues than the architect had initially imagined. In essence, the church not only engages doctrine in space, but creates layers of other parameters into a parcel of discourse such as place, chronology and the possibilities of new methods for addressing them in an architectural project.
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    Open Access
    Does Gating Enhance or Reduce Residents Perceived Risk of Victimisation?: Findings from a Study Of Festac Town Residential Neighbourhood, Lagos, Nigeria
    (Department of Architecture, University of Lagos, 2019-03-01) Okunola, O. O.; Adebayo, A. K.
    One of the spatial outcomes of recent urbanization is the rise in the popularity of privately governed residential, industrial and commercial spaces .Under globalization, economic and socio-cultural changes brought about different housing settlements which seem to enjoy a commonality of gating. Among several justifications for this new phenomenon is that these changes are brought about by high levels of crime and fear of crime of which perceived personal risk of victimisation is a potent indicator. The central question that has generated a lot of debate is whether this gating as an increasing by popular phenomenon does reduce residents’ perceived risk of victimisation. The study utilized survey method in an urban residential neighbourhood to gather relevant data. The result indicated that perceived personal risk of victimisation can be reduced by strengthening the negative attributes that means increasing police (security) patrol, using more security signage and strengthening access control mechanism while downplaying the positive contribution-gating system, gate house and observation systems. This paper clearly indicated that in spite of the best efforts at gating the perception of risk victimization is still very high.
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    Open Access
    Dwelling Density Variability across Government-Built Multifamily Apartments in Lagos
    (Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, 2013-08-15) Adebayo, A. K.; Iweka, A. C.
    This study examined the variability of dwelling density across different classifications of multifamily apartments built by Lagos State Development and Property Corporation (LSDPC) in Lagos, Nigeria. Six design prototypes used to build several multifamily apartments in four estates were purposively selected as case study. The focus was on comparing how the interior spaces in the six multifamily prototype apartments were occupied during habitation. Overall population of apartments studied was 7,764 representing the total number of apartments in the four purposively selected estates. A sample of 7.5% (582) was chosen using stratification and systematic random techniques. A survey research technique was adopted to obtain responses to pre-tested questionnaires regarding the demographic data of occupants. Data analysis was done by applying adult-equivalent number of occupants based on Canadian National Occupancy Standards (CNOS) and the Equivalized Crowding Index (ECI). The intensity of dwelling density during habitation across various apartment classifications was presented in two parts namely single measure and group measure. The results obtained using the group measure show that households containing three to five persons were the most dominant in all apartment types. The result also shows that there was no substantial disparity in dwelling density across different apartment classifications when analyzed using single measure approach. This finding was supported by the results of a chi-square test which found that, at 95% confidence level, apartment type had no significant effect on dwelling density in LSDPC’s multifamily apartments. The findings are important for policy issues that relate apartment types to household sizes and crowding. The results are also relevant for policies regarding provision of infrastructure and other complementary facilities in government-built estates to improve residents’ welfare and quality of life.
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    Open Access
    Dwelling Space Deficits in Nigeria’s Large Cities: Evaluation of Mass Housing Units in Lagos
    (Queensland University of Technology, Australia, 2014-10-01) Adebayo, A. K.; Iweka, A. C.
    Concern for housing delivery in Lagos and other large towns in Nigeria continues to focus on increasing the overall housing stock. Yet, there is another form of crisis that relates to how the spaces in housing unit prototypes that constitute the current stock of mass housing in these rapidly growing cities were designed to be occupied or utilized? The aim of this study is to establish thresholds at which occupants of mass housing prototype apartments in Lagos megacity are likely to experience dwelling space deficits. Case study methodology was employed. Five purposively selected low-income prototype designs were analysed to determine the rated capacity or estimated intensity of occupancy, using three established standards. The outcome suggests that for two bedroom category, type 2 (two-bedroom) design located at Dolphin estate has higher capacity rating in terms of occupancy. Similarly, type 5 (three bedroom) design also at Dolphin has the highest rating among the three bedroom apartments studied. The research supports the use of these design types, or their variants to improve the spatial efficiency and habitability of future mass housing stock in Lagos.
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    Open Access
    Early Attempts at Architectural Photography in Lagos, Nigeria.
    (Department of Architecture, 2016-07-01) Akande, A. O.
    This paper takes a historical look at the introduction of photography to old Lagos. It examines the early attempts at the craft of architectural photography and the factors that predisposed architecture and the built environment to the early pioneer photographers. The paper also identifies key pioneers of architecture photography in Lagos and their contributions to the development and propagation of architectural styles through their pioneering work. Finally, this work debates the need for architects and enthusiast alike to further their knowledge and appreciation of the workings of photography in order to maximise the potential of the craft as a key non-verbal language for the communication of architectural aesthetics and thoughts.