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Browsing Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Author "Adepoju-Bello A.A."
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- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of Fifteen Brands of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets obtained from Lagos metropolis, Nigeria.(The Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 2010) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.The importance of ciprofloxacin especially in the third world countries can be estimated by the high success rate recorded in some high morbidity and mortality ailments. It is then necessary that the various brands of ciprofloxacin in the market must contain the adequate amount of active ingredient as specified in the official pharmacopoeias. A well formulated dosage form of ciprofloxacin ensures that adequate amount of the active constituent of the drug is delivered to the recipient to produce the desired pharmacological response. A substandard formulated dosage form of ciprofloxacin will not produce the desired pharmacological response. This research was carried out to evaluate the physical qualities and percentage purities of some brands of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the Nigerian market. The British Pharmacopoeia (B.P) and United States Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P) methods were adopted for the physicochemical tests -weight uniformity, disintegration, friability and dissolution tests. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric calibration plot method was developed for the quantitative assay. The concentration of each brand was derived from the regression equation obtained from the calibration plot. The results obtained showed that 100% of the brands conformed to the physicochemical compendia standards. According to the U.S.P. specification (90-110%), 73.33% of the brands analysed passed the quantitative assay, 26.67% failed (6.67% were below the U .S.P. range and 20.00% were above the range). Conformity of drugs to compendia requirements is very crucial to ensure that the adequate amount of drug required to elicit their pharmacological effect gets to its site of action. Lack of regular electricity supply is affecting the proper storage of drugs resulting in fast decomposition of drugs before the expiry date. Therefore, a regular analysis of drugs is necessary to ensure the administration of quality drugs for effective treatment with the desired result. All the brands analysed passed the physicochemical assay according to the compendia requirement but only 73.33% of the brands passed the quantitative assay, 26.67% failed (6.67% were below the U.S.P. range and 20.00% were above the range). Researchers should continue to carry out physicochemical tests and quantitative assay regularly on drugs manufactured within the country and those imported into the country to ensure that all drugs circulating in the country at any point in time conform to the compendia requirements.
- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of Organochlorine pesticide residues in beans(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2012) Ogah C.O.; Coker H.B.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.Background: Analysis of pesticide residues in food is one way to determine the level of human exposure to these chemicals and hence their potential human health hazards. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the incidence and quantity of organochlorine pesticide residues in beans samples collected from various markets in Lagos State and compare values obtained withestablished safety values. Methods: Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) samples purchased from different markets in Lagos State were analyzedfor residues of organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS)after careful extraction and cleanup. Results: The results showed that all the beans samples contained residues of one or more organochlorine pesticides. Mean concentrations ranged from 5.8-35.1μg/kg and maximum residue limits (MRLs) of some pesticides were exceeded in up to 8% of samples. The estimated total diet intakes (ETDIs) for aldrin and dieldrinexceeded their maximum permissible intakes (MPIs) by 100% and 17% respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that residues of organochlorine pesticides are present in beans in Lagos markets andsome are above safety levels.
- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of selected metallic impurities in soft drinks marketed in Lagos, Nigeria(African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Oguntibeju O.O.; Onuegbu M.T.; Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.Twenty brands of soft drinks commonly consumed in Lagos, Nigeria were analyzed for lead, cadmium, nickel, silver, chromium and zinc using standard biochemical procedures. The aim was to determine whether the concentrations of toxic metals in commonly consumed soft drinks are below or above the upper limit for each of the metals as set by World Health Organization (WHO). Results showed that cadmium was present in four of the samples at a concentration ranging from 0.023 to 0.158 mg/L, lead was present in three of the samples at a concentration ranging from 0.5045 to 3.0275 mg/L, nickel was present in six of the samples at a concentration ranging from 0.016 to 0.063 mg/L while silver was absent in all of the samples. Some of the samples analyzed can be said to be safe for human consumption because the values of the metals were below the allowable limits as set by WHO while others could not be said to be safe as the levels of metals were above the allowable limits set by WHO. Therefore, it is suggested that health authorities and soft drink producing companies should pay more attention to the sources of these metals in soft drinks.
- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of some selected toxic metals and pesticide residues in ofada rice (oryza sativa l.) samples produced in south western region of Nigeria.(Journal of Industrial Research and Technology, 2019) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Oyawaluja B.O.; Sosanya D.G.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop in the developing world and is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is generally considered a semi-aquatic annual grass plant. About 20 species of the genus are recognized, but nearly all cultivated rice is O. sativa L. thus the need to evaluate the toxic metal and pesticide content. This study aim to determine the concentration of heavy metals and pesticide residues in ofada rice samples obtained from major markets in 10 local governments in Lagos state, Nigeria. The rice samples were digested using concentrated nitric acid and the digested samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The extractions of the pesticides from the rice samples were done using QuEChERS method of extraction. Fifteen types of pesticides were analyzed using the GC-MS. The result showed that all the metals were present in the rice samples. The concentration of lead in each sample ranged from 0.054-0.139μg/g, Copper 1.265-27.652μg/g, Arsenic 0.080-0.207μg/g, Mercury 0.039-0.093μg/g, and Cadmium 0.255-0.650μg/g. The Oral Component Limit for lead, copper, arsenic, mercury and cadmium as stated by the USP are 1 μg/g, 250 μg/g, 1.5 μg/g, 1.5 μg/g, 0.5 μg/g respectively. All the metals except cadmium in 3 samples have concentrations below the USP. The rice sample had no detectable amount of pesticide residue as the concentrations are below detection limit. All the samples contained detectable amount of the metal of interest suggesting significant risk to consumers considering the toxicity and half-lives of heavy metals. Keywords: Ofada, heavy metals, pesticides, Lagos, spectrophotometer, GCMS
- ItemRestrictedAnalysis of some selected toxic metals in registered herbal products manufactured in Nigeria(African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Issa O.A.; Oguntibeju O.O.; Ayoola G.A.; Adejumo O.O.The use of herbal medicine has been on the increase in many developing and industrialized countries and Nigerians in particular has been using herbal medicine or many centuries. The approval of these herbal remedies by regulatory bodies has further encouraged the use of herbal remedies. The safety of these herbal remedies is however poorly understood. This study investigated the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in twenty registered ready to use herbal products. Twenty brands of herbal remedies were purchased randomly from the Pharmacy shops in Lagos, digested with aquaregia (3:1 HCl: HNO3) and were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (Buck 205 AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer). There was no detectable lead in any of the 20 herbal samples; however, all the samples contained a detectable amount of one or more of the other metals of interest. The Oral Component Limit (OCL) for arsenic, cadmium and mercury as stated by USP are 1.5, 0.5 and 1.5 μg/g, respectively. All the samples contained arsenic and mercury below the USP OCL, while sixtyfive percent contained cadmium out of which fifty-five percent were above USP OCL. The results obtained from this study suggest a significant risk to consumers’ health considering the toxicity of these heavy metals.
- ItemOpen AccessAntioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities of the ethanol root extract of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae)(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2018) Ayoola G.A.; Adeoye w.; Olowu T.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Usman A.; Johnson O.Background: Olax subscorpioidea(OS) is a shrub or tree that is widely distributed Africa. It is used in traditional medicine for the management inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases,diabetes mellitus and mental illness. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial properties of the ethanol root extract of Olax subscorpioidea(EOS). Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically using DPPH) free radical inhibition and ferric reducing power assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined. The hypoglycemic potential was assessed by investigating the in vitro inhibitory effect of the extract on á-amylase. The plant was also screened against some gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and a fungus, Candida albican susing agar well diffusion method. Results: EOS exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical with an IC of 3.29 mg/mL 50 compared to an IC value of 0.017 and 0.019 mg/mL for Vitamin C and E respectively. The ferric reducing power 50 was 114.74 M and 253.6 M Fe(II)/mg for EOS and Vitamin C respectively. The á-amylase inhibitory result showed that EOS was twice as potent as acarbose. IC values of 186.6 and 391.7μg/mL were recorded for EOS 50 and acarbose respectively. Antimicrobial screening showed that EOS was active against gram positive and not gram negative bacteria with a zone of inhibition range of 14 -18 mm and also inhibited Candida albicanat higher concentrations (75 & 150 ìg/ml) with a zone of inhibition range of 14 -16 mm. Conclusion: The results showed that Olax subscorpioidea possesses moderate free radical scavenging activity and potent hypoglycemic and antimicrobial (narrow spectrum)
- ItemOpen AccessAssay of Dosage Forms of Amodiaquine.(J. Pharmaceut. Sci. & Pharm. Prac., 1997) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ayim J.S.K.A search through the literature of Amodiaquine has been done as well as a survey of methods of its assay. UV/Visible spectrophotometric method is used for the assay of dosage forms of Amodiaquine using A (1%, 1 cm) at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. For high accuracy the differences in the absorbance of the standard and test solution must not exceed 10%. This method was used as a standard method using A (1%, 1cm), 1 x 1 assay and calibration curve methods at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. It gave good reproducible and reliable results for all the dosage forms. The gravimetric method was also used for the assay of the dosage forms of amodiaquine but the results were not reproducible and hence not reliable. A potentiometric/lndicator direct titration method was developed and was used for amodiaquine tablet using water as the solvent, phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein as indicator and 0.2M sodium hydroxide as titrant. This method gave a reproducible and reliable result, also, the method is simple, precise and no sophisticated instrument is required. For the syrup dosage form the potentiometric titration method does not give a reliable result because the excipients appear to affect the method.
- ItemOpen AccessEffect of Artesunate on Disposition Profile of Amodiaquine in Amodiaquine-Artesunate Combination Formulated in Fixed or Separate Doses.(J. Phann. Sci. & Pharm. Pract., 2014) Akinleye M.O.; Phillip I.M.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.Background: The use of artemisinin combination therapies has been on the increase globally and most especially in sub-Saharan Africa since its adoption by WHO. Amodiaquine-artesunate combination has been accepted by most malarious countries and its efficacy and safety have been proven by studies reported in literature. However there is a dearth of publication regarding the possible effect of artesunate on the pharmacokinetics of amodiaquine. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of interaction of artesunate on the systemic disposition of Amodiaquine in amodiaquine-artesunate formulation either in fixed or separate doses in healthy volunteers in Nigeria. Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study after informed consent. They were randomly divided into three groups (I, II, III) to products A, B and C respectively. The study adopted was a single dose, open, 3-way treatment and cross-over design with one month wash out period. Each volunteer in groups I and II was administered with amodiaquine 600mg and artesunate 200mg formulated in either fixed or separate doses while group III took amodiaquine 600mg only. Blood samples were taken for a period of 28days post drug administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the three formulations were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The parametric estimates of pharmacokinetic data obtained from amodiaquine when given alone and in combination were compared. The maximum plasma concentration (Cm,,) was estimated as 0.69±0.23, 0.74±0.27 and 0.56±0.25 μg/ml; the plasma elimination half-life (t112) was 16.38±3.73, 19.51±6.38 and 18.41±7.24h whilst the area under plasma curve (AUC0_72") 258 was184.20±25.97, 185.01±31.52 and 186.35±30.16 ng.h/ml for products A, Band C respectively. Conclusion: With respect to comparative values, the results confirmed trends already observed in literature particularly regarding amodiaquine monotherapy. There was no significant difference amongst the three groups and within the two different formulations. We did not make any comparison with desethylamodiaquine-metabolite as it was not quantified but the chromatograms confirmed the existence of the major metabolite. .
- ItemOpen AccessEffect of Chloroquine and Halofantrin on the Dissolution Profile of Ciprofloxacin.(Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2011) Akinleye M.O.; Chukwuani C.M.; Coker H.A.B.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.Objective: To investigate the potential interaction between ciprofloxacin and some representative antimalarial agents using in-vitro dissolution tests. Methods: The in-vitro dissolution of ciprofloxacin (CP) (250mg and 500mg tablets respectively) was studied using U.S Pharmacopoeia (USP) Apparatus 2 in the presence of varying concentrations of chloroquine (CQ) and halofantrlne (HF). The dissolution media used were 0.1 N HCl and distilled water. The CQ concentration range used was of 0.69 - 3.47M while halofantrine was 0.56 -1.11M. Both concentrations of CQ and HF chosen were within their dosage regimen. A validated HPLC method capable of concomitant elution of CP/CQ/HF was used for the determination of CP in the dissolution mixture. Results: The mean reduction in the maximal quantity of dissolved drug, Qmax in the presence of varying concentrations of CQ was 47.8% and 45.4% (322.0 ± 17.48mg and 279.53 ± 14.62mg) with 500mg CP tablets in distilled water and 0.1N HCl respectively, and 43.4% and 37.6% (169.9 ± 4.1mg and 144.53± 4.0mg) with 250mg CP tablets in distllled water and 0.1 N HCl respectively. The reduction in the presence of HF was 75.0% (132.8 ± 11.62mg) with 500mg CP tablets and 48.3% (118.9 ± 0.36mg) with 250mg CP tablets in 0.1N HCl. The reduction in a max appears to be- directly related to the quantity of CQ/HF present, the difference was significant with CQ (p=0.027) and with HF (p = 0.02). There also appears to be a direct correlation between the amount of CQ in the medium and the pH of the medium, the trend being reduction in pH with increasing concentration of CQ. Conclusion: We conclude that the release of CP is inhibited by the presence of CQ and HF. This suggests there is a potential interaction between CP and the test substrates at the absorption site, which may lead to reduced availability of CP. "This has an implication in therapeutic outcomes particularly in a malaria endemic environment, such as ours, where these antimalarial drugs are frequently co-administered with ciprofloxacin. KEY WORDS: Fluoroquinolones, Chloroquine, Halofantrine, Chemotherapy, Dissolution tests, Drug interaction.
- ItemOpen AccessEvaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (M¨ull. Arg) Hutch & Dalziel Leaves(Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2011) Amaeze O.U.; Ayoola G.A.; Sofidiya M.O.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Adegoke A.O.; Coker H.A.B.This study evaluated the antioxidant activity as well as bioflavonoid content of the methanol and ethanol-water extracts of the freshand dried leaves of Tetracarpidium conophorum. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometricmethods using DPPH.free radical, nitric oxide radical inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. In addition, total phenolics, flavonoids.and proanthocyanidin content were also determined. The ethanol: water extract of the dried leaves had the highest antioxidant activity with a 50% inhibition of DPPH at a concentration of 0.017 mg/mL compared to the standards, Vitamin C and Vitamin E with inhibition of 0.019 and 0.011 mg/mL, respectively. This extract also showed nitric oxide radical inhibition activity comparable .to that of rutin, 54.45% and 55.03% for extract and rutin, respectively, at 0.1 mg/mL. Ferric reducing power was also comparable tothat of ascorbic acid (281 and 287 μMFe (11)/g, resp.) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The methanol extract of both the dried andthe fresh leaves had higher phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin content than the ethanol : water extract. The study reveals that T. conophorum can be an interesting source of antioxidants with their potential use in different fields namely food, cosmetics.and pharmaceuticals.
- ItemOpen AccessEvaluation of the Concentration of Some Toxic Metals in Dietary Red Palm Oil(J Bioanal Biomed, 2012) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Osagiede S.A.; Oguntibeju O.O.Palm oil has been part of human diet for more than 5000 years. For generations, it has been revered as both a nutritious food and a valuable medicine. However, care should be taken to evaluate the purity and safety of this nutritional and medicinal agent to the human system. This study investigated the concentration of cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic and nickel in twenty-five samples of ready-to consume palm oil that were bought randomly from different markets in Lagos, Nigeria. The samples were digested with aqua-regia (2:1:2 HNO3:HClO4:H2SO4 respectively) and the digested samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. There was no detectable mercury in one of the twenty-five samples analysed. However, all the samples contained a detectable amount of each of the other five metals analysed. The Oral Component Limit (OCL) for cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic and nickel as stated by USP are 0.5μg/g, 25 μg/g, 1.5 μg/g, 1 μg/g, 1.5 μg/g and 25 μg/g respectively. The samples contained detectable amounts of the metals although with values below the USP standard OCL. The results obtained from this study suggest that the palm oil samples analysed are save for consumption in terms of the metals of interest analysed.
- ItemOpen AccessEvaluation of the concentration of toxic metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria(African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Oguntibeju O.O.; Adebisi R.A.; Okpala N.; Coker H.A.B.It has been shown that heavy metals toxicity to humans is as a result of long term or high level exposure to pollutants common in the environment including the air, water, food and numerous consumer products such as the cosmetics and toiletries. In this study, we assessed the levels of toxic metals in different cosmetic products sold at local shops in Lagos, Nigeria. The cosmetic items included thirty creams and twenty lipsticks and lip glosses. These items were purchased from various shops at different locations in Lagos. The cosmetics were analyzed for heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and nickel) after digestion with concentrated acids HNO3: H2SO4: HClO4 in ratio 2:2:1. The concentrations of the selected toxic heavy metals were determined in duplicate using a Buck 205 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All the samples analyzed contained a detectable amount of all the metals of interest. The concentration of the heavy metals in the samples ranged from 0.006 to 0.207 ppm. It is obvious from the present study that the use of some cosmetic products exposes users to low concentrations of toxic heavy metals which could constitute potential health risk to users since it has been known that heavy metals can accumulate in the biological system over time and are known to induce skin problems or diseases such as cancer. Further research to better understand the sources of heavy metals in cosmetic products is recommended. Key words: Toxic heavy metals, cosmetics, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, environment
- ItemOpen AccessExtract of the Leaves of Hydrolea glabra Schum. &Thonn. (Hydrophyllaceae), Exerts Anxiolytic Effect on Swiss Albino Mice(Trop J Nat Prod Res., 2018) Anyanwu-Ndulewe C.A.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Fagehinbo S.; Coker H.The plant,Hydrolea glabra, is used in neurodegenerative disorders associated with dementia, where personality changes present as symptoms such as anxiety, depression and sleep changes. This notwithstanding, no pharmacological studies have been carried out on the anxiolytic and sedative properties of the plant. This research evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the extract of the plant, Hydrolea glabra, in order to validate the folkloric claims of its usefulness in the management of dementia. Methanol extract of the leaves of Hydrolea glabra was analysed for the phytochemical composition and the anxiolytic effect was evaluated, using the Elevated plus maze, Hole board and Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time models in mice. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, condensed tannins, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugars. There was significant percentage increase (48%) in the time spent in the open arms, by the rats given the extracts, which was comparable to 42% of the standard Diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w) in the elevated plus maze model. The extract at 200mg/kg, also had a sedative effect by prolonging the phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time by 45% when compared to the standard, Diazepam. The anxiolytic effect observed may substantiate the medicinal relevance of the plant, by providing the pharmacological basis for the use of this plant in folkloric medicine practice. Keywords: Anxiolytic activity, Hydrolea glabra, exploratory behaviour, sedative activity,
- ItemOpen AccessFatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Characteristics of Blighia Sapida pulp Oil (Ackee App1ica) .obtained !n Lagos Area of Nigeria.(J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharm. Pract., 2015) Makanjuola D.M.; Anyanwu-Ndulewe C.; Alaribe C.S.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.The oil from the aril portion of the pulp organ of Blighia sapida obtained from Akoka area of Lagos State was investigated· for some fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties. The oil substance was extracted by cold maceration in re-dis till ed ethyl acetate solvent alone and in combination with ·pure butanol for between 4 and 8 days. The pure oil substance was recovered by (air drying for 24 -48 hrs under cool atmosphere) and then in the oven with inbuilt fan set at 35°C for between 2 and 5 days. the physicochemical properties of the investigated included: Saponification Value (SV) 196.7mg KOH/g: Peroxide value (PV) 7.73 m E. q. O2/kg sample; Acid value (AV), 2.24mg KOH/g; Jodine Value (IV) 44.559 I2 /1OOg sample; Specific gravity (SG) 0.9; Refractive index (RI) 1.45 Õ Free fatty acid (FFA) 1.13% as oleic acid; Ester value (EV) 195.5mg KOH/g. The GC-MS analysis within operational condltions showed the free fatty of the present oil sample had a predominance of oleic acid (55.65%) followed by palmitic acid (25_92%); stearic acid (3.90%) and vaccinic acid (3.4 % ). The presence of multiple free fatty acids was further attested to by the Fourier Transform Infrared absorption signals. Keywords: Blighia sapida seed oil,. Specific gravity, Acid value, Quality control, FTIR, GCMS
- ItemOpen AccessFTIR Solid State Interaction of Moxifloxacine With Metals(African Journal of Science & Nature, 2015) Olaitan O.J.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Kasim L.S.; Ibitoye S.F.; Fagbohun A.B.In this research, metal salts containing K , Zn , Cu and Al were used to study the interaction of metal ions with moxifloxacin HCl using Solid state synthesis. The result obtained using Fourier Transform Infrared -1 Spectra, showed a perturbation of the absorption band of the carbonyl groups at around 1700cm-1 in Moxifloxacin HCl when it was triturated in solid state synthesis with Zn ,Cu and Al ,indicating an interaction with these metal ions. This interaction was however absent in K because the peak was evident at - 1708.2 cm-1. These interactions may have an effect on therapeutic outcome of co-administration of moxifloxacin HCl with antacids or agents containing metal ions. Keywords: Quinolones, Moxifloxacin, Carbonyl groups, Metals ions, bidentate, polydentate.
- ItemOpen AccessHigh Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Ten Brands of Pefloxacin Tablets Marketed in Mainland Area of Lagos.(J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharm. Pract., 2014) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Lawal K.B.; Ayoola G.A.Pefloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone family which are highly potent and orally active broad spectrum antibacterial antibiotics developed from the original 1,8-naphthyridine urinary antibacterial agent, nalidixic acid. Counterfeiting of drugs is a major problem being faced today in the pharmaceutical sector and in the community. Such drugs lead to reduced efficacy of pharmacotherapy. The objective of this study is to assay the different brands of pefloxacin available in Lagos market, to ascertain the brands that are suitable for administration. Ten different brands of pefloxacin, selected from different localities within the mainland area of Lagos were subjected to the same official methods of analyses. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and British Pharmacopoeia (BP) methods were adopted for the physicochemical tests and the high performance liquid chromatograghic method was developed for the quantitative assay. Our results showed that all the brands passed the physical tests. Some brands were found satisfactory in terms of the prescribed specification for percentage purity going by the BP (95%-105% of the labeled content). However nine brands out of ten assayed (90%) satisfied the USP specification (90%- 110%). Cognisance is taken of the fact that at both levels of percentage purity, on administration to humans, therapeutic concentrations are achieved easily and rapidly. The assay of drugs in the market regularly is paramount to ascertain the brands that are within the official standard for treatment.
- ItemOpen AccessHome treatment Practices of mothers of children with “Malaria” in an urban setting in south western Nigeria(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2006) Alabi O.M.; Omole M.K.; Ayoola O.O.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.Prompt and effective treatment of children with the malaria forms one of the cornerstones of the public health initiative to contain the scourge of malaria. A good knowledge of the correct therapeutic home management of children with the infection by mothers and caregivers is crucial for the realization of this objective and correct practices would also reduce the rising rate of multi-drugs resistance to malaria. There is limited data relating to home treatment of malaria among mothers with middle/high socioeconomic status. Therefore, an assessment of home treatment practices of malaria by mothers of children presenting at the health centre of a University community, was carried out. KEYWORDS: antimalarial, Plasmodium, therapy, caregivers
- ItemOpen AccessImpact of Yoyo bitters® on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ciprofloxacin in Healthy Nigerian Volunteers(Trop J Nat Prod Res., 2018) Martins O.C.; Akinleye M.O.; Ukpo G.E.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Odediran b.b.; Onun O.O.; Makinde P.A.Ciprofloxacin and Yoyo bitters® (a liquid herbal oral preparation) are readily and widely available as prescription drug and herbal medicine, respectively in Nigeria. They are taken separately or concomitantly. The high metal content of Yoyo bitters poses to be a potential problem for the bioavailability of fluoroquinolones. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the possible drug-herb interaction between Ciprofloxacin tablet and Yoyo bitters when co-administered. Pharmacokinetics of oral single dose ciprofloxacin (500 mg) tablet was evaluated in 30 healthy volunteers. The study design was an open, single dose randomized two-way comparative crossover treatment groups. Each group either took ciprofloxacin (500 mg) tablet with 200 mL of water or ciprofloxacin with 30 mL of yoyo bitters. A wash out period of two weeks was observed, and the treatment groups were interchanged. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for ciprofloxacin in plasma using a modified High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detector at 278nm. Non-compartmental analysis was employed for pharmacokinetic parameters estimation. Results indicated that Yoyo bitters altered the Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin (Cmax, AUC, Vd, Tmax, t1/2, Kel and Kab) when administered concomitantly, although not statistically significant (p>0.05). Therefore, for the desired therapeutic effect of ciprofloxacin to be optimally achieved, concomitant administration with Yoyo bitters or any herbal preparation should be staggered. Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Drug-Herb interaction, Pharmacokinetics, Yoyo bitters®
- ItemOpen AccessInteraction between Ciprofloxacin and some metal ions.(J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharmaceut. Prac., 2009) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Abioye A.O.; Ayoola G.A.Purpose: Solid state synthesis of a compound is not so common. Concomitant administration of quinolones with metal ion containing drug preparations, food supplements and fruit juices have been reported to cause a reduction in the activity of quinolones. Objective: This study was carried out to determine if there is an interaction between ciprofloxacin and the metal ions in the solid state. Method: Divalent, Zn2+, Cu2+ and trivalent, Al3+, were used for the study. The pure ciprofloxacin (CIP)sample, triturated fluoroquinolone and metal ion in the solid state and the metal ions were analysed using FT-IR spectrophotometer. Result: The results obtained showed a carbonyl absorption band at 1708.2 cm-1 for ciprofloxacin, which was absent on the ciprofloxacin-metal complex infrared spectrum indicating an interaction. Conclusion: There was an interaction between ciprofloxacin and the metal ions at the solid state.
- ItemOpen AccessInvestigation of the Antioxidant Activity and Quantification of the Amount of Heavy Metals and some Vitamins in Carrot(Nig. J. Pharm. Res., 2016) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Oyawaluja B.O.; Chikaodili A.Background: Carrot is a root vegetable from the Umbelliferae family. It is a biennial plant grown for their edible root. Carrots are a good source of carbohydrates and minerals like Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron and Magnesium and may contain toxic amounts of metals as a result of run off effects. It is also rich in carotene, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin C. Objectives: To determine the amounts of toxic heavy metals, quantify the amounts of vitamins A and E and investigate the antioxidant activities of Carrot. Method: The research investigated the antioxidant properties of carrot on the basis of the radical scavenging activity on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), heavy metal analysis were carried out using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while analysis of vitamins was done using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Result: The carrot sample analyzed contained considerable amount of some toxic metals of interest (Cr 0.024, 0.105ppm; Cu 15.76, 30.95ppm; Fe 66.94, 103.95ppm; Zn 16.57, 44.22ppm; Pb 0.018, 0.021ppm) in the leaves and root respectively. The samples also contain a very good amount of the vitamin A (12.863, 44.977ppm) and Vitamin E (0.087, 0.22ppm) in leaves and root respectively. It also showed some antioxidant activity and test positive for most phytochemicals. Conclusion: The actual concentrations of the respective heavy metals found in two parts of the D. carota samples were within the threshold limit but there was slight variation in the amount present in the root D. carota as compared to its leaf. The root had more concentrations of the metals and this could be due to the fact that the root is more exposed to these metals during plant uptake.