Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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- ItemOpen AccessAssay of Dosage Forms of Amodiaquine.(J. Pharmaceut. Sci. & Pharm. Prac., 1997) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ayim J.S.K.A search through the literature of Amodiaquine has been done as well as a survey of methods of its assay. UV/Visible spectrophotometric method is used for the assay of dosage forms of Amodiaquine using A (1%, 1 cm) at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. For high accuracy the differences in the absorbance of the standard and test solution must not exceed 10%. This method was used as a standard method using A (1%, 1cm), 1 x 1 assay and calibration curve methods at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. It gave good reproducible and reliable results for all the dosage forms. The gravimetric method was also used for the assay of the dosage forms of amodiaquine but the results were not reproducible and hence not reliable. A potentiometric/lndicator direct titration method was developed and was used for amodiaquine tablet using water as the solvent, phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein as indicator and 0.2M sodium hydroxide as titrant. This method gave a reproducible and reliable result, also, the method is simple, precise and no sophisticated instrument is required. For the syrup dosage form the potentiometric titration method does not give a reliable result because the excipients appear to affect the method.
- ItemOpen AccessProperties of Complexes of 4-fluoroquinolones with iron (III).(J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharmaceut. Prac., 1997) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Eboka C.J.A search through the literature of 4-fluoroquinolones was done as well as survey of its antibacterial activity. It was observed that the 4-fluoroquinolones are very potent antibacterial agents and that the activity is lowered by the co-administration of magnesium, iron (II) and iron (III) containing antacids and haematinics. The type of complex formed between iron (III) and 4-fluoroquinolones was observed to be 1:2 or 2:1 using ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric method of analysis. It was established that the iron (Ill) complex of the 4-fluoroquinolones has a significantly lower antibacterial activity invitro compared with that of the pure 4-fluoroquinoione.
- ItemOpen AccessTannic Acid Equivalent and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants.(West Afr. J. Pharm., 2001) Odukoya O.A.; Thomas A.E.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.The Tannic Acid Equivalent (TAE) of the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Dialium guineense and Phyllatus amarus was determined by haemanalysis. The cytotoxic activity of these extracts was also determined using the brine shrimp lethality (BSL) bioassay. TAE of D. guineense was 7.6, while P. amarus was 4.2. LC50 for D. guineense was 260ppm and 370ppm for P. amarus. It was proposed that cytotoxicity may have a direct relationship with TAE.
- ItemOpen AccessIdentification of Phenolic Acids and Free Phenols of the Stem Barks Parkia biglobosa (JACQ.) Mimosaceae : Comparative study of the activity of the total and hydroalcoholic extracts with that of the Gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria(West Afr. J. Pharrn., 2001) Millogo H.; Guissou I.P.; Idika N.; Adepoju-Bello A.; Coker H.A.B.; Agomo P.U.The chemical screening of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa has shown that they are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of these compounds with ethanol was followed by the identification of phenolic acids and free phenols using paper chromatography. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were proven active against a number of pathogenic bacteria. The gentamicin was found far more active than the etlzanolic and the aqueous extracts against the tested pathogenic bacteria.
- ItemOpen AccessPhysicochemical and Toxicological Activity of Hibiscus sabdarifa.(The Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 2002) Thomas A.E.; Odukoya O.A.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.Hibiscus sabdarifa Linn. (Malvaceae) commonly called Zoborodo or Zobo ( The Hausa name)grows as a weed or may be cultivated near houses throughout the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world.An infusion of the flower is a refreshing drink extracted with either cold or hot water and also in the preparation of jellies, jams and wines. A large number of the Nigerian populace now take this drink, it therefore became necessary to determine its physicochemical properties and also the toxicological effect on health consumption. Qualitative analysis was done using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and quantitatively using UV spectrophotometry for estimation of vitamin C. Determination of total solids was calculated on dried extract and toxicity was estimated using Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay (BSL) and LC50 values calculated within 95% confidence limits. The results show that pH of the drink was 2.4 (very acidic) hence explains the sour taste. Total solid matter was 11.1% an evidence of the high absorptivity of the drink. TLC analysis confirmed the presence of vitamin C by comparison of the spot profile with pure ascorbic acid. UV spectrophotometric estimation showed that the cold extract has 666mcg/ml ascorbic acid and the hot extract 310 mcg/ml ascorbic acid. Heating destroys ascorbic acid thus explaining the high Vitamin C content in the cold extract. LC50 of the cold extract was 460ppm whie that of the hot extract was251ppm a further confirmation of the high activity and less toxicity of the cold extract.
- ItemOpen AccessAflatoxin Contamination of Arachis hypogaea (Groundnuts) in Lagos Area of Nigeria(Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003) Thomas A.E.; Coker H.A.B.; Odukoya O.A.; Isamah G.K.; Adepoju-Bello A.Human populations are exposed to aflatoxins as a result of the consumption of commodities particularly grams and nuts) that have been directly contaminated by the aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergilus parasiticus during growth, harvest or storage (Busby and Wogan 1984). The occurrence and magnitude of aflatoxins contamination varies also with geographical and seasonal factors. Crops in tropical and subtropical areas are more susceptible to contamination than those in temperate regions, since optimal conditions for toxin formation are prevalent in areas with high humidity and temperature (Diener and Davis 1969). Grains and food stuffs capable of being contaminated with aflatoxins have been reported by Busby and Wogan and the level of contamination can vary from less than lppb to over 12ppb. In Nigeria, grains like groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) have become a staple food among the populace and there is need to consider the sporadic nature of the infestation of these nuts. In this study, the level of aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts (roasted, steamed and raw), was evaluated, using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods.
- ItemOpen AccessToxicity of Aflatoxins from selected Consumables in Lagos (Nigeria)(EJEAFChe, 2005) Thomas A.E.; Coker H.A.B.; Odukoya O.A.; Abdul-Kareem A.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.This study quantified aflatoxin levels assessedcytotoxicity and pathological effects of pro-carcinogens extracted from consumables (groundnuts, beans) on biological systems and established data on the dose - response characteristics. HPLC analysis quantified levels of aflatoxins in the products. Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) assay was used for cytotoxicity while toxicity was determined by the pathological effects of the aflatoxin extracts on the vital organs (lungs, liver and kidneys) of mice. Level of aflatoxin is more in beans than in groundnuts. Both have aflatoxin Gl in highest abundance (01in beans >groundnut). The groundnut product was more toxic on the brine shrimps while acute lethalityshowed the beans products to be more toxic than the groundnut product. Toxicity caused hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and severe diffuse periportal necrosis of the liver, acute tubular necrosis manifested as patchy loss of tubular epithelium, dilation of some tubules and presence of intraluminal casts in the kidneys and lungs showed congestion with patchy areas of haemorrhage and collapse.
- ItemOpen AccessGC/MS Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Samples from the Niger Delta Region(Elsevier Ltd, 2005-02) Ogah, CelinaThirteen sediment samples from different locations in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were analyzed for the presence of 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The specific target compounds for this study included naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, flourene, phenanthrene, anthracene, flouranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. Four isotopically labeled polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (acanaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, chrysene-d12 and perylene-d12) were used for internal standardization. All 16 PAHs were found in most of the thirteen samples with concentration ranging from 0.1 lg/kg to 28 lg/kg. It was also found that the 5 and 6-ring PAHs were present in higher concentrations than all the other compounds, indicating their high resistance to microbial degradation.
- ItemOpen AccessHome treatment Practices of mothers of children with “Malaria” in an urban setting in south western Nigeria(West African Journal of Pharmacy, 2006) Alabi O.M.; Omole M.K.; Ayoola O.O.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.Prompt and effective treatment of children with the malaria forms one of the cornerstones of the public health initiative to contain the scourge of malaria. A good knowledge of the correct therapeutic home management of children with the infection by mothers and caregivers is crucial for the realization of this objective and correct practices would also reduce the rising rate of multi-drugs resistance to malaria. There is limited data relating to home treatment of malaria among mothers with middle/high socioeconomic status. Therefore, an assessment of home treatment practices of malaria by mothers of children presenting at the health centre of a University community, was carried out. KEYWORDS: antimalarial, Plasmodium, therapy, caregivers
- ItemOpen Accesslnvitro Evaluation Of The Neutralising Capacity Of Twenty Brands Of Antacids In Lagos, Nigeria.(Nig. Q. J. Hosp. Med., 2008) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Akpabio U.E.; Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Enwuru N.V.Background: The use of substandard drugs is a great threat to the lives of people in the community. Identification of substandard drugs is important to exclude their use in clinical practice. These drugs may lead to reduced efficacy of pharmacotherapy. Antacid preparations are weakly basic and consist of metal salts. most commonly aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. These salts dissociate to neutralise gastric acid and form neutral salts. The ultimate goal of antacid therapy is to reduce the concentration and the total load ofacia1n gastric juice with a pH of 1.3 to a pH between 3.5 and 5.0. Objective: The-aim of this work is to carry out an in-vitro test on the acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of commonly available antacid brands in Lagos market. Method: The. British pharmacopoeia (BP) method of analysis of antacids was adopted. Twenty different brands of antacid suspensions and tablets were analysed. Result: Brand SH suspension gave the highest neutralising capacity, 101.65 ml± 0.15, while brand SN gave the lowest, 99.75 ml ± 0.75. All the fourteen antacid suspensions analysed complied with the official specification and therefore passed the analysis. Brand TB tablet gave the highest acid neutralising capacity (ANC), 54.10ml ± 0.2 while brand TD 49.50ml ± 0.1 gave the lowest. All the six antacid tablet brands analysed passed the assay. The ANC of an antacid is a parameter used to measure the effectiveness of an antacid in relieving ulcer pain. Conclusion:-The acid-neutralising capacity of the antacid brands analysed were within the BP specification. The acid neutralising capacity of antacids should be determined before administration.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Physicochemical and antibacterial Properties of Ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex.(Nig. Q. J. Hosp. Med., 2008) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Eboka C.J.; Abioye A.O.; Ayoola G.A.Purpose: Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids has been reported to influence the overall bioavailability leading to subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of these antibiotics in humans. Objectives of the study: The present work was designed to evaluate the binding constant, binding molar ratio, influence of temperature on the binding constant of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ and to determine the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin-Mg2+. Methods: Job's method of continuous variation and Benesi-Hildebrand equation were adopted to determine the molar ratio and stability constant respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined.by the Agar diffusion method. Results: A complexation molar ratio of 1 :1 was obtained for ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex. The stability constants were 3.59 and 3.50 at 25°C and 60°C respectively. There was a significant difference between the zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex and that of ciprofloxacin alone against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (p<0.05). This difference showed that the complex formed was not as active as ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The present studies have shown that ciprofloxacin readily complex with Mg2+ and that the stability constant was temperature dependent. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin was markedly reduced in the presence of Mg2+. Concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin Mg2+ containing medicaments should be avoided to prevent resistance. Key words: Ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex, stability constant, antibacterial activity.
- ItemOpen AccessPhytochemical Screening and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of fruits and Leaves of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv (Guttiferae).(Int. J. Health Res., 2008) Ayoola G.A.; Ipav S.S.; Sofidiya M.O.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Odugbemi T.O.Purpose: To compare the phytochemical constituents in the leaves and fruits of Allanblackia floribunda and determine their free radical scavenging activity. Methods: The fruit and leaves of AF collected from the uncultivated farmlands of Okeigbo, Ondo State, Nigeria, were dried, milled and extracted with methanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard procedures. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by measuring the decrease in the visible absorbance of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on addition of the plant extract. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50), which is the concentration of extract needed to decrease the initial absorbance of DPPH by 50% was determined graphically. Total phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Results: Alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in both the fruits and leaves. Only AF fruit contained phlobatannins. IC50 values of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.1 mg/ml were recorded for Vitamin E, AF leaves and AF fruits respectively. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents were 65, 0.07 and 2.38 mg/g of powdered plant material for AF fruits, and 12, 51.35, 19.5 mg/g of powdered plant material for AF leaves as gallic acid, rutin and catechin equivalents respectively. Conclusion: AF leaves are five times more potent as a free radical scavenger compared to the fruits though the fruit was found to contain a higher phenolic content. Keywords: Free radical scavenger, phenolic content, proanthocyanidin, flavonoids, DPPH, Allanblankia floribunda, tannins, steroids, alkaloids and anthraquinones.
- ItemOpen AccessOrganochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria(Science Publications, 2008) Adeyemi, D.; Ukpo, G.; Anyakora, C.; Unyimadu, J.P.The organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues were measured in three species of fish Tilapia zilli (Red belly Tilapia), Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bonga Shad) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Catfish). These fish species are a significant part of the diet of residents of Lagos Nigeria. The organochlorine pesticides analyzed include DDT(pp’1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl) ethane), DDD, DDE (pp 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene, HCH (gamma 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocylohexane, HCB (hexachlorobenzene),Dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a octahydro 1,4,5,8 dimethanonaphthalene) and transnonachlor. The analysis was done using Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector. The mean concentration of OCPs ranged from 0.01-8.92 ppm. The concentration of the OCPs (except for HCHs) in fish samples in this study were below the extraneous residue limit of 5 ppm, set by the codex alimentarious commission of FAO-WHO-1997. However, the concentrations were higher than those detected during previous studies of fish samples from Lake Victoria, Uganda in Africa. Also the levels were quite high when compared with the allowable Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment limit and can be harmful if the trend is not checked. The study also showed that concentration of OCPs were higher in adult, than in Juvenile of most of the fish and there was no correlation observed between fat content and total concentration of OCPs.
- ItemOpen AccessPhytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in southwestern Nigeria.(Tropical J. Pharm. Research, 2008) Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Adesegun S.A.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Obaweya K.; Ezennia E.C.; Atangbayila T.O.Purpose: Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the development of anaemia in malaria. Indeed, increase in total antioxidant status has been shown to be important in recovery from malaria. The antioxidant activities of four medicinal plants traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in southwestern Nigeria were determined. Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Carica papaya Linn. [Caricaceae] , stem bark of Magnifera indica Linn. [Anacardiaceae], leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. [Myrtaceae] and the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina Del. [Compositae], were used in the present study. The plant parts commonly used in the locality in malaria therapy were employed in this study. The plants were screened for the presence of phytochemicals and, their effect on 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) was used to determine their free radical scavenging activity. Results: Phytochemical screening of the plants showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and reducing sugars. M. indica did not contain cardiac glycosides and alkaloids while, P. guajava also showed the absence of alkaloids and anthraquinones. Anthraquinones was similarly absent from V. amygdalina. Concentrations of the plant extracts required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) were recorded as 0.04 mg/ml, 0.313 mg/ml, 0.58 mg/ml, 2.30 mg/ml and 0.054 mg/ml for P. guajava, M. Indica, C. papaya, V. amygdalina and Vitamin C, respectively. Conclusion: All the plants showed potent inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity, P. guajava being the most potent. The free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activities of these plants probably contribute to the effectiveness of the above plants in malaria therapy. Key words: Carica papaya, Magnifera indica, Psidium guajava, Vernonia amygdalina, Antioxidants, Malaria, DPPH, Oxidative stress.
- ItemOpen AccessQuantitative Analysis of some Toxic Metals in Domestic Water obtained from Lagos Metropolis(The Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 2009) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ojomolade O.O.; Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.Toxic metals are dangerous to human health if present in water at concentrations above the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Maximum contaminant level (MCL). At low concentrations they accumulate in the organs after some years and may pose great risk to human health. Cadmium lead, arsenic and chromium concentration in domestic water samples collected from different locations in Lagos metropolis were studied. The contaminant level of cadmium, lead, arsenic and chromium in some brands of packaged water, well water and tap water randomly selected were determined. The samples were analysed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and the concentrations were obtained calibration plot method using the regression equation. The toxic metals, ad, cadmium, arsenic and chromium were detected in all the water samples analysed. The concentration of the i toxic metals in the samples analysed ranged from 0.0006 to 0.01mg/L The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium are 0.015ppm, 0.005ppm, 0.01 and 0.1 respectively. The concentrations of lead, chromium, arsenic and cadmium in the samples were, lower than the MCL. All the samples contained the toxic metals though at low concentration. The water samples analysed contained low concentrations of the toxic metals which could accumulate in the body after some years. Toxic metals should be removed from drinking water from Water Corporations as much as possible to prevent their accumulation in the body. Key words: Toxic metals, water, maximum contaminant level (MCL).
- ItemOpen AccessInteraction between Ciprofloxacin and some metal ions.(J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharmaceut. Prac., 2009) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Abioye A.O.; Ayoola G.A.Purpose: Solid state synthesis of a compound is not so common. Concomitant administration of quinolones with metal ion containing drug preparations, food supplements and fruit juices have been reported to cause a reduction in the activity of quinolones. Objective: This study was carried out to determine if there is an interaction between ciprofloxacin and the metal ions in the solid state. Method: Divalent, Zn2+, Cu2+ and trivalent, Al3+, were used for the study. The pure ciprofloxacin (CIP)sample, triturated fluoroquinolone and metal ion in the solid state and the metal ions were analysed using FT-IR spectrophotometer. Result: The results obtained showed a carbonyl absorption band at 1708.2 cm-1 for ciprofloxacin, which was absent on the ciprofloxacin-metal complex infrared spectrum indicating an interaction. Conclusion: There was an interaction between ciprofloxacin and the metal ions at the solid state.
- ItemRestrictedPolychlorinated biphenyl in fish samples from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria(AJOL, 2009) Adeyemi, D.; UKPO, G.; Anyakora, C.; Unyimadu, J.P.Several fish samples from the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria were analyzed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The fish species analyzed include Tilapia zilli (red belly Tilapia), Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bonga shad) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (catfish). Eight PCB congeners were identified and quantified in muscle of the species analyzed. The concentration of total PCBs in samples ranged from 0.56 to 2.94 ppm. The study shows that concentrations of PCBs were higher in adult than in juvenile of most of the fish, and there was no correlation between fat content and total concentration of PCBs. The concentration of PCBs found in fish samples in this study were above the WHO residual limit of 0.2 ppm. The concentration levels in this study were compared with the levels detected in other parts of the world. The study confirms PCBs persistence in Lagos Lagoon, despite its ban several decades ago.
- ItemOpen AccessAnalysis of Fifteen Brands of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets obtained from Lagos metropolis, Nigeria.(The Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 2010) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ayoola G.A.; Coker H.A.B.The importance of ciprofloxacin especially in the third world countries can be estimated by the high success rate recorded in some high morbidity and mortality ailments. It is then necessary that the various brands of ciprofloxacin in the market must contain the adequate amount of active ingredient as specified in the official pharmacopoeias. A well formulated dosage form of ciprofloxacin ensures that adequate amount of the active constituent of the drug is delivered to the recipient to produce the desired pharmacological response. A substandard formulated dosage form of ciprofloxacin will not produce the desired pharmacological response. This research was carried out to evaluate the physical qualities and percentage purities of some brands of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the Nigerian market. The British Pharmacopoeia (B.P) and United States Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P) methods were adopted for the physicochemical tests -weight uniformity, disintegration, friability and dissolution tests. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric calibration plot method was developed for the quantitative assay. The concentration of each brand was derived from the regression equation obtained from the calibration plot. The results obtained showed that 100% of the brands conformed to the physicochemical compendia standards. According to the U.S.P. specification (90-110%), 73.33% of the brands analysed passed the quantitative assay, 26.67% failed (6.67% were below the U .S.P. range and 20.00% were above the range). Conformity of drugs to compendia requirements is very crucial to ensure that the adequate amount of drug required to elicit their pharmacological effect gets to its site of action. Lack of regular electricity supply is affecting the proper storage of drugs resulting in fast decomposition of drugs before the expiry date. Therefore, a regular analysis of drugs is necessary to ensure the administration of quality drugs for effective treatment with the desired result. All the brands analysed passed the physicochemical assay according to the compendia requirement but only 73.33% of the brands passed the quantitative assay, 26.67% failed (6.67% were below the U.S.P. range and 20.00% were above the range). Researchers should continue to carry out physicochemical tests and quantitative assay regularly on drugs manufactured within the country and those imported into the country to ensure that all drugs circulating in the country at any point in time conform to the compendia requirements.
- ItemOpen AccessInvestigation of the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum leaves(Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2011) Adeshina Y.O.; Ayoola G.A.; Adegoke A.O.; Adepoju-Bello, A.A.Chrysophyllum albidum G Don, Sapotaceae is an indigenous plant in traditional medicine of West africa used for fever, stomach ache, diarrhea and wound healing. The present study was undertaken.to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum (leaves). The.plant extract was tested for DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hyrazyl) radical scavenging activity, iron.chelating activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and total iron content. The leaves tested positive to alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, iron, fixed oils and reducing sugars but.tested negative for the presence of volatile oils, anthracene glycosides, deoxy pentose and keto sugars. The IC50 values were {20 μg/m!, 23 μg/ml for DPPH activity in the order {Vitamin C, Extract} while the IC50 values for the iron chelating activity were {16 μg/ml, indeterminate} in the order of {NaEDTA, Extract}. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and proanthocyanidin contents are 1058 mg, 669 mg, and 353.7 mg; as gallic acid, rutin and catechin equivalents per 100 qrams of the leaves respectively. The total iron content was 2.82 mg/g of the leaves extract. The results obtained in the present study indicate that extracts of C. albidum leaves are potential sources of natural antioxidants.
- ItemOpen AccessSolid state interaction of Pefloxacin with Zinc and Aluminium metal ions using Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy.(Nig. Qt J. Hosp. Med., 2011) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Coker H.A.B.; Abioye A.O.; Ezeagu I.I.; Ayoola G.A.Background: Interaction between compounds in solvent medium is very common but reactions between compounds at the solid state are not common. It was reported that co-administration of quinolones with metal ion containing drug preparations, food supplements and fruit juices results in a reduction in bioavailability and the activity of quinolones. It was established, in vitro, that fluoroquinolones interact with metal ions and the antibacterial activity of the complex formed was lower than that of the pure fluoroquinolone . Objective: The objective of this study is to carry out an interaction between pefloxacin and some metal ions at the solid state without a solvent medium. Methods: Zn2+· and-Al3+ salts were used for the study. Pure pefloxacin was triturated with the metal ion salts at the solid state and the products obtained were analysed using fourier Transform-Infrared spectrophotometer. The spectra obtained were compared with that of pure pefloxacin. Results: A carbonyl absorption band at 1707 cm-1 was observed on pure pefloxacin spectrum. This band was not found on the pefloxacin-metal complexes' spectra. The disappearance of this band on the pefloxacin-metal complexes' spectra indicates an interaction at the carbonyl group with the metal ion without a solvent medium. Conclusion: Pefloxacin reacted with Zn2+ and Al3+ metal ions at the solid state.