Social Work-Scholarly Publications

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Open Access
“Introduction to Population Education”
(General African Studies Unit, University of Lagos Press, 1999) Badru, F.A; Faluyi, K
An understanding of human population as a phenomenon may offer clues to underlying forces that operate in the society. One of the most serious problems confronting man is the human population. The populations of developing countries have continued to grow at a high rate for sometime with the consequent pressure on land, an irreplaceable resource. This paper examines some basic concepts in population studies by differentiating "demography" from 'population studies'. It also highlights their social underpinnings in terms of the attitudes of people toward family planning. In this regard, some methods of birth control used in Nigeria, as well as their merits and limitations are also discussed.
Open Access
“Ethnic Conflict and Minority Interests In Nigeria: A Critical Review”
(African Journals Online, South Africa, 2000) Badru, F.A
Ethnic conflicts and minority interests are twin concepts of concern to sociologists and other scholars. The 'tragedies' of Egbesu boys and the Odua People's Congress (OPC) members in Nigeria invite attention to the challenges of ethnic plurality, diversity, conflict, and the vested interests of ,core' and minority groups. It is, however, pertinent to clarify key terms in this paper before exploring the major concern. What is an ethnic group? How do we unravel ethnicity? Who is an ethnic minority, or majority, as could be the case? There are several definitions and conceprualizations-of these terms. Ethnic' groups constitute a special social group whose members share similar socio-cultural and linguistic characteristics distinct from those shared by members of other groups It is used by sociologists in a broader form than the word 'nationality' and it permits non-literate peoples to be identified as social aggregates in the same way as more advanced peoples and nations. The paper considers the nuances of the definitions and contends that despite the diversity and plurality there is a need for efficient management of diverse people to nip in the bud varying ethnic conflicts in the communities.
Open Access
Patriarchy and Constraints of Democratic Political Space of Women in Nigeria
(Department of Political Science, University of Lagos, 2005-12) Badru, F.A
This paper explores the argument that socio-cultural factors are associated with the political exclusion of women and the overwhelming participation and domination of men in post-colonial governance in Nigeria. The paper draws from pertinent literature and data to reinforce the argument that more men occupied political seats. It goes beyond feminism that advocates for quota and political tokenism. It, therefore,advocatesfor equity and argues for just and objective criteria in governance. The paper also transcends the monolithic viewpoint of patriarchy in sub-Saharan Africa, that emancipation is not just granted, but conquered by self-effort, doggedness and hard work, and that anything to the contrary will vitiate meritocracy and promote mediocrity. The paper contends that patriarchy, though not necessarily the only factor, has combined with other socio-cultural and socio- political forces to constrain and decrease the democratic political space of women in Nigeria. These constraints must be addressed. Redressing and ameliorating these bottlenecks constitute a challenge to Nigeria's nascent democracy.
Open Access
Social Group Work
(Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2006) Badru, F.A
Social group work is one of the three 'generic' methods in Social Work Practice. The others being: Social Case Work and Community Organisation/Development. The method is not suitable for all types of groups. However, a number of groups with psycho-social maladjustments and malfunctioning can be assisted through various techniques of social group work. A social worker with trained values, knowledge and skills in this practice is called a Group Worker, though, in theory and practice, he/she is called by many names: Enabler, Facilitator, Leader, etc. He/She could form a group session for clients or work in concert with other professionals in institutions. The paper contains seven sections. Apart from introduction, it considers definitions of social groups and its kinds, alludes to models of social groups and group-centred leadership. The second section deals with ten basic assumptions, some principles, and techniques of Social Group Work. The third examines critically the various definitions of group work and gives brief historical sketch. It also explores the potential merits and drawbacks of the method. The fourth section considers the roles of Group Worker and the various groups that can be assisted; the next section deals with the process of joining a social group work, different methods of social group work and highlights the logistics involved in developing a group therapy programme. The sixth section looks at social group for children and the last section concludes with observations and the way forward.
Open Access
Comparative Social Work
(Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2006) Badru, F.A
Comparative Social Work is one of the emerging disciplines in social work. It is an applied social study that is concerned with objective and critical analysis of social policies and social services between at least two countries. The discipline examines the social forces affecting such policies and services, explicates, and sheds fresh insights into why these countries chose the policies and services. It explores the variations and convergences of these services and policies. While a few scholars have studied some countries like Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Sweden, none has considered Saudi Arabia, and other countries, which we are here comparing with Nigeria. Some texts tangentially allude to some of the social services of these countries but not in relation to Nigeria. The gaps in knowledge are the primary impetus for this study. This paper provides a panoramic and critical review of social welfare policies and services in five selected countries using indepth! case studies. The indicators of five social policies/ services: health, education, housing, transport, and social security form the fulcrum of the analysis. The Chapter is structured into four sections: the first deals with introduction, goals, and methodology of comparative social work. The second considers some background factors. The third describes, explains, and analyses the five selected countries while the last section concludes the analysis
Open Access
“Engendering Human Resource in Academia: a Study of UNILAG”
(Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2006) Badru, F.A
The article contends that capacity building is paramount in the sustenance of academic excellence. Machine, money, materials and other resources are necessary but not sufficient condition. The energizer, blender and the builder of these vital resources is a committed and motivated Human Capital. An empirical and literature search suggests some patterns of gender inequity and asymmetric culture in the higher educational settings. The chapter explores how gender variable influences the spread and representation of both junior and senior academic positions in a university setting using the case study of University of Lagos, Nigeria. The objective of the researcher is to map and tease out the pattern of the skewness, explore areas for further elaboration in order to achieve gender equity in a university setting. The chapter interrogates the factors responsible for this asymmetry. It explains the skewness and points to ways of achieving gender equity, enhancing opportunities for capacity building and achieving cultural and intellectual recognition that are based on gender equity, yet avoiding gender tokenism.
Open Access
Socio-Economic, Environmental and Health Consequences of Rural–Urban Migration in Lagos, Nigeria
(FAMAN JOURNAL, 2009) Opeolu, B.O; Adebayo, K; Badru, F.A; Okuneye, P.A
Data obtained from 350 migrants selected from high, middle and low income sectors of Lagos, Nigeria show that over 80% of the migrants come from 11 States of the Federation. The migrants felt that their socio-economic characteristics have changed since moving to Lagos, but have observed increasingly poorly kept dumpsites in their areas of abode in Lagos due to increases in-migration. They perceived typhoid, depression, hypertension and headache as the most prevalent diseases that they cope with in Lagos compared to their places of orientation. Yet, most of them wish to remain in Lagos and in fact bring more people from their places of origin to Lagos. The study concluded that in order to address the environmental and health problems faced in cities with high inflow of migrants, efforts to improve the socio-economic situations of rural areas and transit towns should receive greater attention.
Open Access
Socio-economic Factors Affecting Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos State, Nigeria
(Common Ground Publishing LLC, 2009) Nwanna, C.S.; Oyekanmi, F.
This study assessed socio-economic factors that could influence one’s attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in two local government areas of Lagos state: Lagos Mainland, an urban setting, and Epe, a rural community. Multistage and systematic sampling techniques were used in 40 enumeration areas (25 in Lagos Mainland and 15 in Epe) to obtain a sample of 1,611 respondents. Data were collected from September 2005 to April 2006 through interviews and focus group discussions. Hypotheses were tested by Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses. The results indicated a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, cultural interpretations of HIV/AIDS depicted gross misperceptions and myths about HIV/AIDS and its aetiology. These were conducive to discrimination. Many respondents would not be willing to marry PLWHA or share cutlery, toilets or rooms with them. The respondents would also not patronize PLWHA traders nor vote for them. They would alienate perceived PLWHA colleagues, withdraw their children from schools known to have students with HIV/AIDS and would forbid their children’s association with such PLWHA. The study also showed that level of education, income of the respondents and knowledge of sexual mode of HIV transmission had an inverse relationship with discriminatory attitudes. Women and Epe LGA respondents were more likely than men and Lagos Mainland LGA respondents to exhibit discriminatory attitudes respectively.
Open Access
Gender and HIV-Related Discrimination in the Health Sector in Nigeria
(Forum Press, PO Box 93895, Boordfontein 0201, South Africa, 2010) Nwanna, C.
This study explored the influence of gender on HIV-related discrimination in health care facilities in Lagos state from the perspectives of people living with HIV/AIDS. It hypothesized that women were more vulnerable to discrimination in the healthcare settings than men. Anchoring the analysis on Radical Feminism, the study argued that gender discrimination exacerbated HIV-related discrimination against female PLWHA in the health sector and that women’s vulnerability to discrimination was based on the assumption that women were promiscuous. A purposive sample of 80 PLWHA was interviewed from September 2005 to April 2006. The results revealed that female PLWHA were more vulnerable to discrimination than the males. There were statistically significant differences between men and women’s experiences in the following areas: mandatory HIV testing, unfair treatment, restricted movements, segregation and isolation from other patients. Rural female PLWHA; those aged 30 – 39 years, married, divorced, separated and widowed female PLWHA, those in paid employment and low income ones experienced discrimination more than the other categories of women. Gender mainstreaming, empowerment of women, formulation and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws, enforcement of CEDAW and education of health workers are recommended.
Open Access
"Sustainable Housing Development in Nigeria: A Sociological Perspective”
(Department of Sociology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2010) Badru, F.A
This article discusses the conceptual, theoretical and empirical issues surrounding housing development in general and homelessness in particular relying on secondary data. It points to the sociological significance of homelessness for an individual or the group to which he or- she belongs and also cites local examples to buttress the position The chapter examines the causes of the problem, alludes to some kinds of homeless people, addresses consequences of the phenomenon and suggests sustainable strategies to mitigate the social problem. The kernel of the chapter is that socio-cultural needs of the people should be taken into consideration when housing needs and policies are conceived and evaluated. The vulnerable groups such as destitute and aged who cannot meet their housing needs should be considered when housing policies of the nation are being conceived. The wishes of the majority of the citizenry must not be jettisoned on the platform of professionalism. This must recognize the inherent community's limited resources and constraints. The contrary will be elitist and exclusionary. The chapter contends that reform in government public policy such as monetization among public sector employees is not sufficient to attack homelessness as this excludes majority of Nigerians who live below the poverty line and do not work for government-owned establishment. More importantly, it is necessary to adopt strategies that are inclusive, participatory and ensure sustainable housing development for all.
Open Access
Socio-economic status and HIV-related discrimination in Lagos, Nigeria
(LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, Dudweiler Landstr, Saarbrucken, Germany, 2011) Nwanna, C.
The book explored the correlation between socio-economic status and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and non-infected people in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Lagos Mainland, an urban setting, and Epe, a rural one. Interviews were conducted with a random sample of 1,611 non-infected people and a purposive sample of 80 PLWHA from September 2005 to April 2006 within the family/community, workplace, health and educational sectors. Focus group discussions were also conducted among purposively selected respondents. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and hypotheses were tested by Chi-square statistic and multiple logistic regression analyses. The results indicated a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, cultural perceptions of it depicted gross misrepresentations of HIV/AIDS and its aetiology which were conducive to social discrimination. Many non-infected respondents exhibited discriminatory attitudes in different situations involving potential contacts with the PLWHA. They would not marry PLWHA, share toilets or rooms with PLWHA or vote for them. They would alienate perceived infected colleagues; withdraw their children from schools known to have students with HIV/AIDS and forbid their children’s association with such PLWHA. Similarly, PLWHA were avoided by their friends, rejected and abandoned by their family members. Many of them could not buy or sell to non-infected people in their communities. In the health sector and workplace, PLWHA experienced mandatory HIV testing, alienation, withheld treatment, seclusion, ridicule, denial of promotion and exclusion from insurance scheme. The study also demonstrated that education, place of residence, gender, marital status, knowledge of sexual mode of HIV transmission and income were significant predictors of discrimination. Contrary to our argument that women were more vulnerable to discrimination than men, the reverse was the case in the family/community. However, women suffered greater discrimination than men in the health sector. Widowed/separated/divorced PLWHA suffered more discrimination than those in other categories of marital status. The book recommended compulsory and free education, intensive poverty alleviation programmes, intensive mass HIV education and enforcement of national and international legal instruments.
Open Access
“Socio-Economic Correlates of Relapsed Patients admitted in a Nigerian Mental Institution”
(http://informahealthcare.com/jpc, 2011) Gbiri, C.A; Badru, F.A; Ladapo, H.T.O; Gbiri, A.A
Background. Relapse in psychiatric disorders is highly distressing, costly and engenders burn-out syndrome among mentalhealth workers. Aims. To study the socio-economic factors associated with relapse in individual admitted with psychiatric disorders and the pattern of socio-economic impact of relapse in those groups. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of all relapsed patients without cognitive defi cit admitted into the federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria between June and October 2007 was conducted using a self-validated Structured Interview Schedule (Relapse Socio-economic Impact Interview Schedule) and Key Informant Interview Guide. Secondary data were elicited from the patient folders, case notes, ward admission registers and nominal rolls. Data were summarised using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentiles. Pearson ’ s moment correlation coeffi cient was used to test the association among variables. The Mann –Whitney U -test was used to compare the pre-morbid and the post-morbid states. Results. This study involved 102 respondents.Their mean age was 36.5 9.8 years, mainly of male gender (72.5%) suffering from schizophrenic disorder (37.8%).Relapse and re-admission ranged between 2 and 12. Unemployment rate, marital separation and divorce increased more than 5-fold from pre-morbid to morbid states. Few (4.9%) could still settle their hospital/drug bills on their own, while most (95.1%) depended on family, philanthropist and government/waivers to pay for their bills. Their social relationships were negatively influenced with most of them expressing social isolation and low quality of life. There were significant relationships ( P 0.05) between age, sex, number of relapses, number of admissions, pre-morbid marital status, morbid state marital status, pre-morbid state occupational status and morbid state occupational status. There was significant change( P 0.00) in the quality of life, societal integration/acceptability, economic status, employment status and marital status of the respondents between the pre-morbid and post-morbid periods. The illness signifi cantly affected the emotional status of the participants. Conclusion. Relapse and readmission in psychiatric patients have a negative impact on socio-economic well-being of patients, family and the society. Efforts should be taken to provide early interventions.
Open Access
Towards Enhancing Access of Professional Social Work Education in Nigeria
(Journal of Nigerian Social Work Educators, 2011-04) Badru, F.A
The paper argues that there are diverse needs, social pathologies and challenges that confront any nation including Nigeria. It is imperative that conscious attempts be made to address these myriad of needs in a specific socio-cultural setting. It is pedestrian to state that some elements of professional Social Work Education are discernible in Nigeria. It is more desirable to make it affordable and accessible to those who deserve professional social work education. Failing to do this would be tantamount to denial and unfair social exclusion with resultant social injustice as a number of students and citizens would be denied the opportunities that would have been created if these are made available at a cost, places and in languages that would be meaningful to them. It is observed that a number of social work educators in Nigeria do not possess professional social work education and therefore deprived of providing their professional best to their students. The kernel of this paper, using secondary data, is that there is a lot to gain in providing an environment that ensures enhanced access of professional social work education to 'unlettered' social work educators preferably within the shore of Nigeria. This has a lot of latent and manifest consequences for social justice and social work services in any nation including Nigeria.
Open Access
Socio-economic status and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS in selected local government areas of Lagos State, Nigeria
(Forum Press, PO Box 93895, Boordfontein 0201, inkie@lantic.net, 2011-10) Nwanna, Chinwe
The main thrust of the study was to explore the correlation between socio-economic status and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and non-infected people in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Lagos Mainland, an urban setting, and Epe, a rural one. Multistage and systematic sampling techniques were used in 40 enumeration areas (25 in Lagos Mainland and 15 in Epe) to obtain a sample of 1,611 non-infected respondents and a purposive sample of 80 PLWHA. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted from September 2005 to April 2006. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while hypotheses were tested by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that many non-infected respondents exhibited discriminatory attitudes in different situations involving potential contacts with the PLWHA. The study also indicated that significant proportions of PLWHA experienced rejection, abandonment, eviction, isolation and alienation within their families and communities. It was revealed that education, place of residence, gender, and marital status were significant predictors of discrimination. Contrary to our argument that women were more vulnerable to discrimination than men, the reverse was the case in this study. Widowed/separated/divorced PLWHA suffered more discrimination than those in other categories of marital status. Empowerment of PLWHA, Intensive mass HIV education and enforcement of national and international legal instruments were recommended among others
Open Access
Gentrification in Lagos State: Challenges and Prospects
(British Journal Publishing, Inc., 2012) Nwanna, C.
Using a qualitative method, this study attempts to explore the challenges and prospects of gentrification in Lagos state. The result observes that gentrification has occurred in former Maroko and is occurring in other parts of Lagos metropolis. Developers buy up abandoned housing and harass low and middle-income tenants into leaving their buildings that can then be converted for high profits. It observes further that low-income tenants find their rents suddenly doubled and tripled. Evictions are common, and when the current residents leave, the buildings are renovated into edifices. It also observes that gentrification has come to stay in Lagos State as many dilapidated houses are being purchased by developers and affluent members of the society. Landowners who do not want to sell their properties have warning signs such as “CAVEAT: THIS HOUSE IS NOT FOR SALE. BEWARE OF 419.” We argue that while gentrification improves the quality of life in gentrified buildings or areas and beautifies the city, it further impoverishes the urban poor pushing them into a lower quality of life. The paper therefore recommends that displaced residents should be adequately compensated to enable them to afford conventional houses.
Open Access
Family Unit in the Context of Diabetes Management Among The Igala, North Central, Nigeria
(A Journal of the BSA MedSoc Group, 2012-10) Adejoh, S.O
Objective: This study investigated the influence of the family unit factors in diabetes management among the Igala, in North-Central Nigeria. Methods: The quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were used. The respondents were purposively selected through clinics and snowballing. A total of 152 respondents living with diabetes participated in the study. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while the qualitative data were analysed using manual content analysis. Results: The findings show that living arrangement, family support and different food consumptions all had significant relationship with diabetes management at P<.05. Family support had negative influence on diabetes management (β= -1.791, P< .001). The qualitative data show mixed findings of positive and negative influences of the family on diabetes management. Conclusion: Close family members of those living with diabetes should be incorporated into the diabetes management team of the individual with diabetes.
Open Access
Gender and Discrimination among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
(Carolina Academic Press, 2013) Nwanna, C.
Texts attached
Open Access
‘Hallucination and Religious Beliefs Among Students in a Nigeria University’
(Wyno Academic Journal of Medical Sciences,, 2013-08) Gbiri, C.A; Adebayo, R.A; Gabriel, M.O; Badru, F.A; Lawal, K.A.O; Awesu, T.O; Amoo, I.G; Ellu, D.F
This study investigated lifetime-prevalence of hallucination among a group of Nigerian students and the determinants of hallucination among them. Study involved 1095 students of a Nigeria university, screened for hallucination using Schedule for Clinical Assessment for Neuro-Psychiatry and psychological distress using General-Health Questionnaire-12. Data was analyzed with linear regression analysis (p<0.05). Auditory hallucination was present in 12.1%, visual in 10%, tactile in 12.1% and olfactory in 5.1%. Proportions of hallucination among religions were: 11.1% Christians, 9.8% Muslims, and 23.1% traditionalists. Point-prevalence of hallucination was 10% with 5.1% having multiple hallucinations. Hallucination interfered with daily-activity in 17.6%. About 44% had psychological distress while 13.4% required medical-intervention for it. Hallucination was more common among the Christian faithfuls. Females and the separated/widowed had significantly higher hallucinatory experience. It was concluded that hallucination cuts across religious groups. Age, religion, gender, ethnicity and marital status had significant influence on hallucinatory experience. Psychological distress is common in students even without hallucination.
Open Access
Adaptation to Water Stress in Nigeria Derived Savanna Area: The Indigenous Knowledge and Socio-Cultural Nexus of Management and Humanitarian Services
(Journal of Management Policy and Practice (JMPP), North American Business Press, Inc., Atlanta, 2014) Ayeni, A.; Soneye, A.; Badru, F.
Texts attached
Open Access
Social Support and the Welfare of Older Adults in Conflict situations in Nigeria
(The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology (NASA), 2014-06) Theresa, U; Ejikeme, G.G; Badru, F.A; Akwash, F.B.A
This study is a' desk review of the social support and welfare of older adults in conflict situations with respect to the situations in the USA and Nigeria. It indicates that there are numerous facilities for meeting the counselling and psychological needs of older persons ill all situations in America contrary to the situation in Nigeria. The elderly among victims of severely traumatic «ird stressful events such as religious and ethnic conflicts ill Nigeria have various psychosocial, economic, financial, material, and counselling needs. The stress-coping strategies of the elderly conflict victims involve drinking and alcohol abuse. There is the scarcity of professional counsellors, social gerontologists. psychologists, social workers and other human service providers that can assist them cope effectively with the stress of conflict situations. The paper concludes that the services of counsellors, social gerontologists, social workers, and psychologists are imperative for older adults to cope successfully with stressful challenges without resorting to abuse of drugs and exacerbating their age-related problems. It therefore suggests how human service providers can respond effectively to the psychosocial needs of older adults ill conflict situations in the country.

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