Faculty of Pharmacy

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    Open Access
    Effects of paraffin coatings on the shearing properties of lactose
    (J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1982) Irono, C.I; Pilpel, N
    An annular shear cell has been employed to measure the shearing properties of lactose powder coated with up to 10-4 mol g-l of powder of a series of paraffin hydrocarbons. The angle of internal friction, Δ, of the coated powders was independent of their packing density. The shearing properties of the powders depended on the concentration, the viscosity and thickness of the coating material.
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    Open Access
    Effects of coating the powder on the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution of lactose tablets
    (lnternational Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1983) Igwilo, C.I; Pilpel, N
    A study has been made of the effects produced on the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution of lactose tablets by coating the powder with increasing amounts of paraffins. Addition of paraffins reduces the tensile strength and prolongs the disintegration and dissolution times. Silicones produce similar effects on the disintegration times. The disintegration and dissolution results have been explained in terms of the changes produced by the coatings on the wettability of the powder.
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    Open Access
    The effect of starch and surfactants on the granulation of soluble and insoluble powders
    (3rd Congress International Conference on Pharmaceutical Technology, 1983-06) Obagaiye, M.O; Jaiyeoba, K.T.
    Powders of lactose and calcium carbonate have been granulated by the massing and screening method. The effects of including starch or both starch and surfactants in the granule formula have been studied with respect to size and friability of the final granules. The addition of 10 % starch to either lactose or calcium carbonate reduced the mean granule size and increased granule friability. The effect of starch on granule size was compensated for, by the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate, particularly in the granules containing lactose
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    Open Access
    Dissolution mechanism of tablets produced from coated lactose powder
    (1987) Igwilo, C.I.; Pilpel, N.
    The use of the equation of Kitazawa et aJ in the analysis of the dissolution process of tablets produced from lactose powder coated with paraffin has suggested either an initial breaking of the tablets into particles that subsequently break down into smaller particles or a progressive breaking of the tablet into smaller particles. The former produces a change in rate constant from k1 to k2. Diluents (for example, lactose) included in the formulation of low dose potent drugs provide the main bulk of a tablet and play a significant role in the release of the drug substance (Wagner 1971). The wettability of the tablet surface also influences its disintegration and dissolution and subsequent release of the active ingredient. This report deals with the probable mechanisms involved in the dissolution of tablets produced from lactose powder coated with paraffins.
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    Open Access
    A consideration of the range and strength of interparticle forces in coated lactose powder
    (J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988) Igwilo, C.I; Pilpel, N
    A study has been made of the range and strength of interparticle forces in lactose powder coated with increasing concentrations of paraffins at different temperatures. Marked changes occurred in these forces as the paraffin content was altered and the temperature increased from - 100 to +SO'c. The strength and range of interparticle forces depended on the mechanical properties of the coating materials and the surface free energy of the coated powders.
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    Open Access
    A consideration of the range and strength of interparticle forces in coated lactose powder
    (1988) Igwilo, C.I.; Pilpel, N.
    A study has been made of the range and strength of interparticle forces in lactose powder coated with increasing concentrations of paraffins at different temperatures. Marked changes occurred in these forces as the paraffin content was altered and the temperature increased from - 100 to +SO'c. The strength and range of interparticle forces depended on the mechanical properties of the coating materials and the surface free energy of the coated powders.
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    Open Access
    New Method of Evaluating Perfumery Raw Materials: PART II in Cosmetic Products
    (The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 1989) Igwilo, C.I; Adeyemi, M; Oguntimein, B
    The new alignment chart method has been used in the evaluation of the fragrances of the essential oils from C. citratus (Dc) stapf, E. uniflora linn, L. adoensis Hochst, V. agnuscastus Linn and Z. rigidifolium waterman in cosmetic products. The method incorporates the retentivity index, RF acceptability index, RA and the final performance, Fp. The consistency of the cosmetic products seem to have some effects on the Rf values but very little or no effects on the RA values.
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    Open Access
    Effects of molecular coatings on the compression and tableting of some pharmaceutical powders
    (lnternational Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1991) Pilpel, N; Igwilo, C.I; Malamataris, S
    Coating the particles of various pharmaceutical powders with up to 10 molecular layers of paraffins, fatty acids, surfactants, silicones and polymers noticeably alters their mechanical behaviour when they are compressed into beds or formed into tablets. At low packing fractions of 0.41 the tensile strengths of the beds tend to increase, then decrease and then increase again with increasing coating concentration. At higher packing fractions of 0.82 the tensile strengths of tablets generally decrease with coating concentration and there is an inverse relationship between their tensile strength and the ratio of the elasticity to the compression of the coated powders.
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    Open Access
    Effect of Cream Bases on the Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oil of Aframomum meleguata
    (Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 1991) Igwilo, C.I; Akpan, U.E; Adeoye, A.O; Ilozor, C.N
    The antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Aframomum meleguata (AMO) and the effect of cream bases on these properties were investigated using both Agar dilution and diffusion methods. The oil was found to be most active against gram positive bacteria with a MIC of 0.001 % v/v against S. aureus and B. subtilis. C. albicans was inhibited at 0.5% v/v while Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli were each inhibited by 1.0% v/v, The release rate of the oil from the water soluble cream bases, Cetomacrogol or Aqueous cream was greater than that from the hydrocarbon cream base, oily cream due to the hydrophobicity of the oily cream.
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    Direct Compression Studies on Low-Cost Cellulose derived from Maize Cob.
    (1994) Okhamafe, A.O.; Azubuike, C.P.
    α-Celluloses were extracted from both the white and yellow varieties of de-grained corn cob, and then evaluated as direct compression diluents in paracetamol tablets using microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®), a commercial diluent, as a standard. Based on the physicochemical and tablet parameters examined, e.g., tensile strength, disintegration time and dissolution, the extracted celluloses compared well with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). They were highly compressible no binding agent was needed, and yielded paracetamol tablets that were self-lubricating (no lubricant was added), rapidly self-disintegrating (a disintegrant was not required) and facilitated high in vitro drug availability. The tablets were free from physical defects. Furthermore, the production costs of the extracted celluloses were substantially lower than the cost of MCC. The findings from this work further demonstrate the greater pharmaceutical potential of cellulose derived from agricultural wastes
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    Open Access
    Comparative Assessment of Fragrances obtained from Nigerian plants
    (J. West Afr. Pharm., 1995) Igwilo, C.I; Adeoye, A; Nasipuri, R.N; Kabele-Toge, B.B; Popoola, A.O
    Essential oils from Cestrum nucturnum and Plumera rubra ( varacuminata) were obtained by hot enfleurage and those from Cymbopogon citratus and Eugenia uniflora were obtained using the steam distillation method (B.P. 1980). Measurement of the odour of the fragrances was carried out by the dilution and perfume slip methods. The acceptability of the fragrance was investigated using both the 'Yes' and 'No' method and the Hedonic odour rating scale with the participation of fifty (50) observers. The alignment chart method and Hedonic odour rating scale were used in the evaluation of the fragrances. A correlation seems to exist between the final performance (Fp) obtained from the alignment chart and the number of judgements from the Hedonic odour rating scale. This suggests that the methods used were reproducible and that bias was greatly reduced. The oils were found to have great potentials as fragrances.
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    Open Access
    Comparative Assessment of Fragrances obtained from Nigerian plants
    (J. West Afr. Pharm., 1995) Igwilo, C.I; Adeoye, A; Nasipuri, R.N; Kabele-Toge, B.B; Popoola, A.O
    Essential oils from Cestrum nucturnum and Plumera rubra ( varacuminata) were obtained by hot enfleurage and those from Cymbopogon citratus and Eugenia uniflora were obtained using the steam distillation method (B.P. 1980). Measurement of the odour of the fragrances was carried out by the dilution and perfume slip methods. The acceptability of the fragrance was investigated using both the 'Yes' and 'No' method and the Hedonic odour rating scale with the participation of fifty (50) observers. The alignment chart method and Hedonic odour rating scale were used in the evaluation of the fragrances. A correlation seems to exist between the final performance (Fp) obtained from the alignment chart and the number of judgements from the Hedonic odour rating scale. This suggests that the methods used were reproducible and that bias was greatly reduced. The oils were found to have great potentials as fragrances.
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    Open Access
    Properties of Complexes of 4-fluoroquinolones with iron (III).
    (J. Pharm. Sci. & Pharmaceut. Prac., 1997) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Eboka C.J.
    A search through the literature of 4-fluoroquinolones was done as well as survey of its antibacterial activity. It was observed that the 4-fluoroquinolones are very potent antibacterial agents and that the activity is lowered by the co-administration of magnesium, iron (II) and iron (III) containing antacids and haematinics. The type of complex formed between iron (III) and 4-fluoroquinolones was observed to be 1:2 or 2:1 using ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric method of analysis. It was established that the iron (Ill) complex of the 4-fluoroquinolones has a significantly lower antibacterial activity invitro compared with that of the pure 4-fluoroquinoione.
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    Open Access
    A Comparative Bioavailability Study of Paracetamol Tablet and Suppository Formulations
    (West Afr. J. Pharm., 1997) Igwilo, C.I; Taylor, O; Silva, B.O; Coker, H.A.B; Soremekun, R
    The bioavailability of 2 different paracetamol suppository formulations were compared with that of a standard paracetamol tablet formulation in 10 healthy adult volunteers. Paracetamol was rapidly and completely absorbed from both the tablet and suppository forms. The rate of absorption was faster from the tablet form than the suppository form. Although formulation C had a slower initial release of paracetamol than formulation A, its relative bioavailability was greater. The effective concentration of paracetamol in the blood was rapidly attained and maintained for about 6 hours.
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    Pre and Post-natal drug therapy in Lagos University Teaching Hospital - A 5 year retrospective study
    (1997) Eniojukan, J.F.; Maduagwu, E.E.; Aina, B.A.
    Texts attached
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    Open Access
    Assay of Dosage Forms of Amodiaquine.
    (J. Pharmaceut. Sci. & Pharm. Prac., 1997) Adepoju-Bello A.A.; Ayim J.S.K.
    A search through the literature of Amodiaquine has been done as well as a survey of methods of its assay. UV/Visible spectrophotometric method is used for the assay of dosage forms of Amodiaquine using A (1%, 1 cm) at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. For high accuracy the differences in the absorbance of the standard and test solution must not exceed 10%. This method was used as a standard method using A (1%, 1cm), 1 x 1 assay and calibration curve methods at wavelength of absorption 342 nm. It gave good reproducible and reliable results for all the dosage forms. The gravimetric method was also used for the assay of the dosage forms of amodiaquine but the results were not reproducible and hence not reliable. A potentiometric/lndicator direct titration method was developed and was used for amodiaquine tablet using water as the solvent, phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein as indicator and 0.2M sodium hydroxide as titrant. This method gave a reproducible and reliable result, also, the method is simple, precise and no sophisticated instrument is required. For the syrup dosage form the potentiometric titration method does not give a reliable result because the excipients appear to affect the method.
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    Open Access
    Lipoxygenase inhibitors in the seeds of Aframomum danielli K. Schum (Zingiberaceae).
    (Urban and Fischer Verlag, 1999-10) Odukoya, O. A., Houghton, P. J. and Raman, A.
    Alcohol and petrol extracts of the seeds of Aframomum danielli inhibit the soya 5-lipoxygenase enzyme and thus may show antiinflammatory activity. Compounds isolated from the active fractions were shown to be long chain polyprenyl benzoquinone derivatives. Phytylplastoquinone was isolated from the petrol extract and plastoquinone-7 (heptaplastoquinone) from the alcohol extract. The presence of these two known benzoquinones in A. danielli and their ability to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase are reported here for the first time.
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    Open Access
    Characterization Of Some Nigerian Gums Towards Their Utilization As Pharmaceutical Excipients
    (Nig. Qt. J. Hosp. Med., 2000) Igwilo, C.I; Odusote, M.O; Abioye, A.O
    Gums were extracted locally from the stems and seeds of some plants, Some of their physicochemical properties were evaluated. The parameters evaluated for the physicochemical data of the gum powders include: Appearance, texture, colour, odour, pH, Ash value, Alcoholic extractives, crude fibre content, protein content, viscosity and swelling index. The percentages of the natural elements present in the gums like potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, phosphorus and nitrogen were determined using atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The monosaccharide content were evaluated and compared using HPLC. The possible effectiveness of the gums in pharmaceutical suspensions were computed by determining their rheological properties. Such parameters like viscosities of their aqueous mucillages were determined using Brookfield Digital viscometer. All their rheograms exhibited pseudoplastic flow properties typical of good suspending agents, The results were compared graphically and the results labelled. Some of the gums like Cissus populnea, Raphia vinifera, Mucuna flagillepes exhibited thixotropy as their down curve did not fall on the up curve. Only palm kernel cake gum did not show thixotropy. Since thixotropy is a measure of the structural breakdown of suspension, the higher the thixotropic index, the better the suspending activity of the gum. The yield (% w/w) of Cissus populnea was 14.98 ± 0.77. the whole exudate of Raphia vinifera produced fine gum. Only 2.86 ± 0.17% yield as obtained for Mucuna flagillepes. Palm kernel cake gave 0.94 ± 0.20% gum. From the above study, it appeared as if Cissus populnea gum exhibited the highest viscosity imparting property, and highest thixotropic index compared weight in weight with the other guns studied. Raphia vinifera gum however offered the highest yield but higher quantity appeared to be needed to produce similar effect with Cissus populnea. Future work on the gums would choose the most viable for the Nigerian Market.
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    Open Access
    Identification of Phenolic Acids and Free Phenols of the Stem Barks Parkia biglobosa (JACQ.) Mimosaceae : Comparative study of the activity of the total and hydroalcoholic extracts with that of the Gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria
    (West Afr. J. Pharrn., 2001) Millogo H.; Guissou I.P.; Idika N.; Adepoju-Bello A.; Coker H.A.B.; Agomo P.U.
    The chemical screening of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa has shown that they are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of these compounds with ethanol was followed by the identification of phenolic acids and free phenols using paper chromatography. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were proven active against a number of pathogenic bacteria. The gentamicin was found far more active than the etlzanolic and the aqueous extracts against the tested pathogenic bacteria.
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    Open Access
    Tannic Acid Equivalent and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants.
    (West Afr. J. Pharm., 2001) Odukoya O.A.; Thomas A.E.; Adepoju-Bello A.A.
    The Tannic Acid Equivalent (TAE) of the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Dialium guineense and Phyllatus amarus was determined by haemanalysis. The cytotoxic activity of these extracts was also determined using the brine shrimp lethality (BSL) bioassay. TAE of D. guineense was 7.6, while P. amarus was 4.2. LC50 for D. guineense was 260ppm and 370ppm for P. amarus. It was proposed that cytotoxicity may have a direct relationship with TAE.